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Prevention profiles 2011

Prevention profiles 2011

What are countries in Europe doing to prevent illicit drug use? 'Prevention profiles' try to answer this question by providing information based on expert appraisal of the level of provision of different prevention measures in Europe.

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Environmental strategies [?]

Universal prevention [?]

Selective prevention [?]

Indicated prevention [?]

Glossary of terms used

Definitions and further explanations for many of the terms used in the 'prevention profiles' are given below.

Alcohol Control Score (ACS)

This score is based on the BtG scale, developed for the Bridging the Gap project (external link) designed to quantify the implementation of alcohol control policies at country level. Maximum 40 points, composed of sub-scores for:

alcohol taxation (max. 16);
blood alcohol concentration allowed (max. 4);
age limits (max. 4);
control of production and wholesale (max. 2);
distribution (max. 10);
control of marketing (max. 3) and;
public policy (max. 1).

See Karlsson & Österberg, (2007), 'Scaling alcohol policies in Europe' (external link).

Beneficial

Beneficial interventions are defined as those interventions for which precise measures of the effects in favour of the treatment were found in the systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Come-structures

The target group is expected to contact existing services by their own initiative: the user comes to the service.

Community support, involvement and empowerment systems

The informal and personal support and reference systems (the 'significant others') of community members: the involvement of family members, mentors, teachers, peers and others respected by the target groups.

Level of provision information provided here is based on the opinion of an expert (or panel of experts) in each country. Key for ratings (key and corresponding response in questionnaire): 'None or 'No provision: 'doesn't exist'; Rare provision: 'exists in just a few relevant locations'; Limited provision: 'exists in more than a few relevant locations (but not in a majority of them)'; Extensive provision: 'exists in a majority of relevant location (but not in nearly all of them)'; Full provision: 'exists in nearly all relevant locations'.

Creative extracurricular activities

Activities organised by schools, mainly for the purposes of drug prevention, usually at the school premises, but outside the school syllabus, such as workshops, sports, photography, art, drama, etc. Unlikely to be beneficial.

Criminal justice problems in family

Families where parents or offspring have criminal record problems.

Development of community plans

Community plans that include a (drug) prevention strategy.

Early detection mechanisms in school

Early identification mechanisms for intervention in pupils with risk behaviours related to drug use, an initiative where with universal and indicated prevention overlap. Often, universal programmes that address, for instance, school climate and social interactions include techniques to identify vulnerable pupils to be then catered for in more targeted interventions.

Early school leavers

Young people who have left school or are not attending regularly (not necessarily because of drug use).

Evaluation activity

Evaluation is defined here as the systematic and scientific collection, processing and analysis of data related to the implementation of an intervention, in order to assess whether the objectives of an intervention have been achieved. The evaluation activity is based on entries in the Exchange on Drug Demand Reduction Action (EDDRA) database, an online archive of evaluated interventions in drug demand reduction implemented in EMCDDA member countries. Entries are submitted to the database by focal points within each country.

Evaluation activity score

The evaluation activity score for a given type of prevention is derived from the share of projects entered by a country into EDDRA since 2000 for that type of prevention. Projects in EDDRA are rated by a quality level, which assesses the quality of the intervention evaluation (see the EDDRA quality levels page for more information). The different quality levels of the entries are weighted in the score (1 lowest) to 3 (highest). Therefore the number of prevention interventions in EDDRA is a proxy for the activity level in systematically designing and evaluating interventions in a country's prevention culture, and does not reflect the overall number of existing prevention projects.

Environmental strategies

Environmental strategies are prevention strategies aimed at altering the immediate cultural, social, physical and economic environments in which people make their choices about drug use. This perspective takes into account that individuals do not become involved with substances solely on the basis of personal characteristics but are rather influenced by perceived norms, values and informal rules in their communities. See Environmental strategies for more information.

Ethnic families in marginalisation

Families whose migration background obstructs social integration into local community.

Ethnic groups

Groups that have lived for more than one generation (or much longer) in a country while preserving their own identity, norms, values and language.

Events for parents

Activities for parents organised by schools and usually at the school premises, but outside the school syllabus. Tradeoff between benefits and harm.

Family conflict and neglect

Conflictive or dysfunctional families where neglect might occur.

Families with mental health problems

Families where parents or offspring have mental health, e.g. depression.

Gini inequality index

The Gini inequality index measures income inequality between the richest decile of a population and the poorest. It ranges from 0 (everyone has the same income) to 100 (one person has all the income) and is a good proxy for social inequality. Most countries range between 25 and 60.

The impact of social inequality on health gained attention with the controversy over Pickett and Wilkinson’s (2010) assertion that problems like substance use, teenage pregnancies, violence etc. are higher in more unequal societies because of the increased competition for status and positional goods affects people’s physiological and physical well-being. A WHO (CSDH, 2008) report and the Marmot Review (2010) for the UK confirmed that inequalities in health including substance use problems are related to social inequality.

More information on the Gini inequality index and drug prevention can be found in 'Glossary of terms used' on the 'About prevention profiles' page.

We have included the Gini inequality index for three reasons:

Social inequality seems to be a crucial environmental condition that affects people's health choices (including substance use) and is — together with alcohol and tobacco policies — a framework condition that can act against or in support of prevention interventions. Prevention efforts and their overall effects need to be viewed in the context of these determinants.
It puts into plausible context why some more equal societies, e.g. the Scandinavian countries and particularly Finland, focus less on single programmes to curb the emergence of problems but rather rely on social inclusion policies at all relevant levels: family, school, community and society.
More unequal countries might need more sophisticated prevention programmes. There is evidence that such prevention programmes can reduce the effects of social inequality on behavioural outcomes. For instance: some universal programmes have selectively (differentially) better effects on the more vulnerable, within the children exposed (Ialongo et al. 1999; Kellam et al. 2008); selective family-based programmes are more effective the more vulnerable the families are (Kumpfer et al. 2008; Webster-Stratton 2001); and also indicated programme can bring the most behaviourally difficult children to better social functioning (see the EMCDDA thematic paper 'Preventing later substance use disorders in at-risk children and adolescents', 2009).

Go-structures

The target group is proactively approached and involved, for example at home or on the street: the service goes to the user.

Homeless young people

Young people who have fled their families or care institutions.

Immigrants

Groups that have recently arrived in a country and may be striving to adapt culturally and economically.

Indicated prevention

Indicated prevention aims to identify individuals who are exhibiting behaviours that are highly correlated with an individual risk of developing substance abuse later in their lives (such as psychiatric disorder, school failure, dissocial behaviour, etc.) or, displaying early signs of problematic substance use, and to target them with special interventions. See Indicated prevention for more information.

Information days about drugs

Organisation of drug information days and activities. Also project weeks, competitions, exhibitions, etc., organised on the theme of drug information. Full days (not just a lesson). Unlikely to be beneficial.

Interangency work at community level

Interagency work refers to the formal and institutional networks and support systems within a community. It offers community members a broad and coordinated network system including services for needs of the individual, e.g. social welfare, housing, family mediation etc.

Interventions specifically for boys

Boy-specific risk profiles are considered and/or gender-specific cognitive, developmental and emotional aspects are differentially addressed, often in specific interventions. Likely to be beneficial.

Interventions specifically for girls

Girl-specific risk profiles are considered and/or gender-specific cognitive, developmental and emotional aspects are differentially addressed, often in specific interventions. Likely to be beneficial.

Likely to be beneficial

Interventions which are likely to be beneifical are interventions that were shown to have limited measures of effect, that are likely to be effective but for which evidence is limited.

Level of provision (based on expert opinion) in reporting year

Level of provision information is based on information provided to the EMCDDA through structured questionnaires from the Reitox national focal point in the country in question. These questionnaires are filled in by an expert, or panel of experts, in each country, submitted to the EMCDDA over the Internet, and the responses form the basis of the 'level of provision' data provided in the prevention profiles. The 'About "prevention profiles"' page provides further information, including access to the structured questionnaires.

Level of provision ratings

For readability purposes, the level of provision (based on expert opinion) ratings may be used in a shortened form in a country's prevention profile. The shortened form and the corresponding full term (as it appeared in the questionnaire are given here). 'None or 'No provision: 'doesn't exist'; Rare provision: 'exists in just a few relevant locations'; Limited provision: 'exists in more than a few relevant locations (but not in a majority of them)'; Extensive provision: 'exists in a majority of relevant location (but not in nearly all of them)'; Full provision: 'exists in nearly all relevant locations'.

Mobile teams for young people

Prevention teams (but not mobile teams for IDUs, nor outreach teams for high risk groups). They are popular in the Nordic countries.

MUSTAP programmes

MUSTAP programmes are defined as structured, standardised and multi-session interventions with detailed material and manuals and concrete contents for each lesson.

MUSTAP: Coverage (pupils per year)

The total number of students who participated in the MUSTAP programmes in the reporting year.

MUSTAP: delivery mode

The delivery mode can be:

Interactive: More than 50 % of the sessions consist of role play, discussions, group work, etc. Increases effectiveness.
Didactic/frontal: Delivery of interventions is through frontal teaching. Reduces effectiveness.

MUSTAP: duration (months)

The mean duration of the programmes in months.

MUSTAP: main component

There are five possible components for MUSTAP programmes:

Personal skills: Increase goal setting, coping (deal with hardship), motivation and decision making (identifying problems, creating solutions and making choices among alternatives).
Social skills: Increase assertiveness, communication skills (listening, flirting, making compliments), empathy and expression of feelings and sometimes to resist peer pressure.
Normative beliefs: Correct the very widespread belief of young people that drug consumption among their peers is normal, accepted and frequent. An effective component.
Affective education: Aim to increase self-esteem by developing individual feelings of self-worth and value. Students are taught to accept and play down failings and difficulties. Self-labelling of failure is discouraged. No proof of effectiveness.
Information provision : Provide information about drugs, their effects and dangers. No proof of effectiveness when delivered alone.

Number of MUSTAP programmes

Total number of MUSTAP programmes implemented in the reporting year.

Number of published studies

The number of published studies is defined as the total number of studies evaluating interventions relating to this type of prevention within the country, published in scientific journals, (mostly) as reported through the Reitox network in the previous 2 years.

Offer of alternatives to drugs

The involvement of 'participants' in sport, outdoor pursuits, creative writing, photography, art, etc.

Other external lecturers

E.g. ex-users, experts, physicians providing information about drugs and their risks. Unlikely to be beneficial.

Non programme-based approach:

This approach is in contrast to a programme-based approach in that there is no specific programme or module in the syllabus dealing with prevention. Instead, teachers freely deliver, prevention-related content on an ad hoc or as-needed basis, so that prevention material is spread over different school activities and disciplines. It is often referred to as an 'holistic' or 'ecological' approach. Its scope is much broader than providing just information on drugs as it might also include norms, social competences etc.

Non-programme-based peer to peer approaches

Peer leaders (often popular pupils) are trained to deliver prevention related content or messages to other pupils. Tradeoff between benefits and harm.

Only information on drugs (no social skills etc.)

Only the provision of information on drugs (risks associated with drug use, facts, etc.) is included within school curricula or various school subjects. There is no component aimed at developing personal and social skills for example, (e.g through role playing exercises, or by open discussion in the classroom). Unlikely to be beneficial.

Personal and social skills

Personal and/or social skills training (outside standardised programmes) as a specific intervention method (tools, manuals, trainings). Personal skills include: increase goal setting, coping (deal with hardship), motivation and decision making (identifying problems, creating solutions and making choices among alternatives). Social skills include: Increase assertiveness, communication skills (listening, flirting, making compliments), empathy and expression of feelings and sometimes to resist peer pressure. Beneficial.

Pupils with social, academic problems

Young people deemed at risk of abandoning school because of low achievement, lack of support from home or other social problems.

School policies

Norms and agreements regarding illicit drug consumption in a given school, e.g. how to deal with pupils using, or dealing, illegal drugs.

Selective prevention

Selective prevention specifically addresses the vulnerability of specific sub-populations whose risk of a disorder is significantly higher than average. Often this higher vulnerability to problem drug use stems from social exclusion, e.g. for young offenders, school drop-outs, or students, who are failing academically. See Selective prevention for more information.

Substance abuse in family

Families, where parents or siblings have substance abuse problems (including alcohol).

Socially disadvantaged parents

Families with low socio-economic level including unemployment.

Tobacco and alcohol policies

The Tobacco Control Scale and the Alcohol Control Score indicate to which extent the availability, normality and 'acceptability' of tobacco and alcohol are addressed in countries' policies.

Testing pupils for drugs

Pupils can be tested for drugs in school premises. Unlikely to be beneficial.

Tobacco Control Scale (TCS)

The Tobacco Control Scale is a scale designed to quantify the implementation of tobacco control policies at country level. Maximum 100 points, composed of sub-scores for:

price of cigarettes and other tobacco products (max. 30);
smoke free work and other public places (max. 22);
spending on public information campaigns (max. 15);
comprehensive bans on advertising and promotion (max. 13);
large direct health warning labels (max. 10) and;
treatment to help dependent smokers stop (max. 10).

For more information see Joossens, L. and Raw M., (2010), 'The Tobacco Control Scale 2010 in Europe', Association of European Cancer leagues (external link).

Total smoking ban in schools

Smoking is forbidden in the entire school premises, both for pupils and teachers.

Tradeoff between benefits and harms

Tradeoff between benefits and harms refers to interventions that obtained measures of effects but that have limitations and/or adverse effects and which therefore need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis before implementing them.

Training for community groups

Training in prevention and empowerment for existing groups within communities.

Universal prevention

Universal prevention strategies address the entire population (national, local community, school, neighbourhood) with messages and programmes aimed at preventing or delaying the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. See Universal prevention for more information.

Unlikely to be beneficial

Interventions ared defined as 'unlikely to be beneficial' when there are not enough studies or where available studies are of low quality.

Visits of law enforcement agents to schools

In some Member States, police have a role in schools, which can be anything from carrying out prevention interventions to strengthening the law and rules. Often they provide information about drugs. Unlikely to be beneficial.

Young people in care institutions

Young people who are in state institutions like e.g. shelter houses, orphanages, etc., but not prisons or other incarceration facilities.

Young offenders

Young people who have been in contact with the criminal justice system, mainly because of possession of illegal drugs.

Youth centres or youth counselling centres

A youth centre is a dedicated premises within a community, offering a drop-in facility for youth. Youth centres may include sports and other recreational facilities as well as advice and counselling services.

Young people in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods

Young people in neighbourhoods with higher use and availability of substances, delinquency and a poor housing, socio-economic and demographic situation.

Raw data

Belgium

26.4

14.5

Full provision

Extensive provision

Some plans called "strategic prevention and security plans exist, leaning on a federal funding by the ministry of Internal Affairs. Besides them another series of plans also exist called "Social cohesion plans". Both type of plans include a chapter on drugs.

Limited provision

"Adult-relays" are a target of prevention programs, since they are very much likely to transmit the skills and knowledge to the largest number (more than in "one-shot" interventions, for example in schools).

Extensive provision

A large variety of training programs exist. They are proposed to Public Welfare Centres workers, family aids, nurses and social workers of the National Office for Childhood, for example.

Extensive provision

FR: Neither the specialized youth help nor the youth centres are targeted by universal prevention programs, since youth and health are two distinct matters; FL: Provision on demand only

Limited provision

These are called peer-support groups

Full provision

FR: This type of activities exists, but is planned by the specialized youth help and does not belong to drug policies. FL: Not explicitly intended as an alternative to drug use.

High

Limited provision

No information

Rare provision

Limited provision

No information

Rare provision

Teachers can have training days at specialized institutions giving trainings registered by the IFC (see above), but the latter droped the "drugs" subject for already two seasons now.

Extensive provision

The main objectives of these visits are: FR: Abstinence (official); raise the feeling of security in the population (unofficial). These are the interventions of the police called the "MEGA" program, rather based on danger and abstinence. Unfortunately, the ground interventions of the services specialized in addictions are less and less adressed. FL: norm setting and information

Rare provision

No information

Limited provision

Medium

Rare provision

School dropouts are a target of social policies, but not specifically of drug policies

Limited provision

Drug policy for apprenticeship

Limited provision

Rare projects targeting immigrants exist, though not mentioned in drug policies in order not to "denounce" or "point at" them.

Rare provision

Rare projects targeting ethnic groups exist, though not mentioned in drug policies in order not to "denounce" or "point at" them.

Limited provision

FL: Providers are the Youth Care Institutions FR: Sometimes, offenders (not only "young") must follow a prevention program in the framework of an alternative to prison or imprisonment.

Extensive provision

Youth care institutions

Limited provision

There are several types of plans targetting disadvantaged neigbourhoods and among them, the weakened youth, but not specifically on drugs.

Limited provision

Support for parents with children who are using drugs and children of parents with alcohol- or drug problems.

Limited provision

Tuppercare homeparties for ethnic groups

Low

No information

Prevention activities are supposed not to denounce or to point at one group in particular, which would be considered as invalidating.

Low

Bulgaria

33.4

Full provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Low

Limited provision

Extensive provision

No provision

Limited provision

No information

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Low

Limited provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

No information

Rare provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

Low

Limited provision

Low

Czech Republic

25.1

Full provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Low

Limited provision

No provision

Rare provision

Full provision

Limited provision

No provision

Limited provision

The main objective of these visits is raising legal awareness. The work of police at school is not well coordinated with other preventive activities, training and education status of police preventive workers is unknown.

Extensive provision

This is a problematic issue since very few are competent to carry out drug prevention interventions.

Extensive provision

Low

Rare provision

No information

Limited provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Full provision

Limited provision

Full provision

No information

Rare provision

No provision

Low

Limited provision

Low

Denmark

No information

Full provision

Limited provision

Full provision

Community-located prevention is most often anchored around a specific educated employed in the community. This employed is named SSP - which means a corporation between the school, the social system and the police. An SSP-employed is almost represented in all the 98 Danish communities

No information

Empowerment is not explicitly mentioned in the national action plan, but is more central in the policies of the social system

No information

Extensive provision

No information

Extensive provision

Low

No information

Extensive provision

Rare provision

No information

From 6th to 9th grade (twelve to fifteen years) information on alcohol and drugs can be integrated in the course ��health/sexual education and family knowledge��

No information

Low

Limited provision

Full provision

No information

Limited provision

No information

Limited provision

Extensive provision

No information

Low

Full provision

Low

Germany

29.1

8.5

Full provision

Extensive provision

Full provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Medium

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

No information

Full provision

Medium

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Low

Extensive provision

Medium

Estonia

31.4

15.5

Rare provision

Full provision

Rare provision

Since 2009 there are no nationally financed drug prevention programs at local level. Only some counties/local municipalities still finance and organize some events at local level.

Rare provision

Limited provision

No provision

Rare provision

Low

No provision

Rare provision

No provision

Rare provision

The main objectives of these visits are norm setting and information provision. The police is culturally not preventive but punishing institution and police prevention at schools is based on crime prevention projects.

Rare provision

No provision

Low

No provision

Rare provision

No provision

Low

No provision

Low

Ireland

28.8

Extensive provision

A Department of Education & Science study in 2005 indicated that substance misuse policies were in place in between 89 per cent and 94 per cent of primary and post - primary schools that made returns (72 per cent of schools made returns).

Full provision

There is a smoking ban in all public places (indoors).

Limited provision

Local and regional drug task forces have developed and some continue to develop/revise their own plans to tackle drug use and related problems in their communities. These plans are generally based on the pillars of the national drug strategy and include actions under prevention.

Rare provision

Inter-agency work is mentioned in the drug strategy in relation to the rehabilitation of drug users and not in relation to prevention.

Extensive provision

The drug strategy refers to parents and teachers as significant others in drug prevention.

Extensive provision

There is an extensive range of training courses available for community groups, parents, teachers and community development workers working in drug prevention.

Limited provision

Examples include the National Educational Psychological Service (NEPS) and Youth Encounter Project Schools provided in schools in disadvantaged areas. Crosscare, an NGO provides Teen Counselling in the community and is one of the few examples of this service in out of school settings.

No provision

Extensive provision

A large number of interventions under the broad heading of 'diversion programmes' use sports and recreational activities when working with at risk young people. Action 25 of the drug strategy promises to 'Continue to develop facilities for both the general youth population and those most at risk through:increased access to community, sports and school facilities in out of school hours; and the development of youth caf��s.

Low

No information

No provision

Rare provision

No information

Limited provision

No information

Limited provision

No information

Rare provision

Drug education workers sometimes are invited to present lecture to school students.

No information

the development of a whole school approach to substance use education in the context of SPHE is promoted in the revised drug strategy 2009-2016

Low

Extensive provision

Early school leavers (ESL) are addressed in both 'go structures' and 'come structures', yet they are predominantly addressed through 'go structures'. The National Drug Strategy includes 4 specific actions aimed at preventing early school leaving. 1. The Delivering Education Opportunities in Schools (DEIS) programme targets schools in disadvantaged areas e.g. local drug task forces with the aim to retain students in schools 2. The National Education Welfare Board (NEWB) target at-risk families and communities to improve student attendance in schools; local drug task force areas are a priority 3. The National Educational Psychological Service (NEPS) and the Youth Encounter Project Schools also schools in disadvantaged communities. 4. The Home School Community Liaison Scheme (HSCL) works with partents in disadvantaged areas to involve them in their children's education with the aim to improve school attendance and retention of students. Early school leavers are also targeted in non-school settings with 'Diversion programmes' aimed at diverting them from substance use e.g. recreational outings/sport; a small number of drug awareness/information programmes are also delivered in non-school settings to early school leavers.

Limited provision

Pupils with social/academic problems are generally targeted through the DEIS schools programme that seeks to prevent early school leaving, the National Educational Psychological Service (NEPS and the Home School Community Liaison Scheme (HSCL. Pupils with 'learning difficulties' are generally targeted with cohorts of students that are seen at risk of early school leaving.

Rare provision

The National Drug Strategy identifies 'New Communities' as one six specific target groups; it is acknowledged in the strategy that more research is needed to assess the nature and extent of drug use among 'New Communities'.

Limited provision

The National Drug Strategy identifies the Travelling Community as one six specific target groups. Interventions are delivered in both 'go structures' through outreach work and peer traveller group visits and in 'come structures'. It is acknowledged that some travellers perceive/experience a double-stigma when they present at services so the numbers that do are small according to NDTRS data.

Rare provision

Limited provision

Young Offenders are predominantly targeted through the Garda Juvenile Diversion Programme (operated by Juvenile Liaison Officers)and Garda Youth Diversion Projects funded by the Irish Youth Justice Service. Young offenders are also visited in the home by welfare/probation officers but predominatly are targeted through 'come structures' when they youth visit these projects.

No information

The drug strategy briefly mentions youth coming out of care but not youth in care.

Extensive provision

The National Drug Strategy 2009-2014 contains four objectives under the prevention pillar including one focused on socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods; to prioritise prevention interventions on those in communities who are at particular risk of problem drug/alcohol use.

Limited provision

A key priority of the National Drug Strategy is to provide services/supports to families with a drug user/s in the family home. Providing services/support to address familial substance abuse remains a lesser priority.

Rare provision

Socially disadvantaged parents are usually supported through projects targeted at disadvantaged commmunities and although not explicitly mentioned in drug policy, there is an assumption that they would be part of the focus in disadvantaged communities e.g. local drug task forces. However the main focus of these projects tend to be the children and not the parents or their financial problems.

No information

People presenting with dual diagnosis are one of six key target groups identified in the National Drug Strategy; it is not clear whether this category excludes/includes families with mental health problems.

Limited provision

Families from the travelling community are targeted in the national drug strategy.

Low

No information

Low

Greece

33.1

Rare provision

Full provision

Under the current provisions of Law 3868/2010 on "upgrading the National Health System (NHS) and other provisions of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, smoking is completely prohibited in all enclosed public and private workplaces with no possibility to create smoking areas since 9/1/2010. For casinos and nightclubs over 300 sq.m. with live music, the ban is in force since 6/1/2011.

Full provision

In the framework of the national prevention policy and planning, OKANA, in collaboration with local authorities, established Prevention Centres with the aim to ensure nationwide coverage. The role of local authorities is very crucial in facilitating the development of plans and strategies which would meet the local needs. The role of OKANA, as the responsible governmental body for defining, supporting, coordinating and evaluating drug policy in the country, is to ensure the coordination of Prevention Centres nationwide. Prevention Centres are co-funded by OKANA and by the local authorities, while the responsibility for the systematic supervision and evaluation of the activities implemented by the Prevention Centres lies with OKANA (for more information regarding Prevention Centres, www.okana.gr). In this framework, the 3-year work plans that Prevention Centres submit to OKANA could be considered as community drug plans taking into account local needs. The three-year planning of a Prevention Centre is approved by both the Governing Board of the Centre, which consists of representatives from local authorities, and the Board of OKANA.

Extensive provision

One of the main priorities of the New National Drug Strategy (2005-2012) is the partnership among agencies and services in national level ��establishing a joint action of the involved Ministries �� and elaborating memorandums of collaboration (Ministry of Health and Social Welfare with Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defence) as well as in local level, emphasising the role of civil society.Furthmore, Prevention Centres run by OKANA and the local authorities as well as the other agencies that are active in drug prevention, attach great importance to networking and to the establishment of a framework for cooperation. They pursue regular communication with one another in order to exchange experiences, address common difficulties and needs, and develop joint actions. Against this backdrop, in addition to the Panhellenic Network of Prevention Agencies, regional and local networks have been established among Prevention Centres in view of strengthening cooperation ties. In addition, one of the main goals of the Mobile Unit PEGASUS (KETHEA) through its visits across the country is the promotion of local networking. Moreover, prevention professionals approach health and social services of their region in order to provide information about prevention work and to establish partnerships.

Limited provision

As mentioned above, in the New National Drug Strategy (2005-2012) a great emphasis is placed on the role of civil society suggesting ��the beginning of dialogue procedures for the facitity of access in services". In addition, the main example of an informal system of community members is the voluntary organisations organised at local level with action on prevention. Kinisi PROTASI (www.forthnet.gr/protasi) is the main voluntary organisation in the field of prevention.

Limited provision

The New National Drug Strategy (2005-2012) suggests ��the establishment, development and improvement of specialised prevention interventions using niche methodologies (i.e. media and technology)". In addition, it proposes a memorandum of collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the Ministry of Defence in order to enhance the implementation of prevention interventions in the Armed Forces.The implementation of prevention interventions in the community is a key priority of the National Action Plan on Drugs (2008-2012), and it is specifically focused on the provision of training for professional groups related to youth. Regarding the availability of interventions, besides schools and parents, the action of Prevention Centres run by OKANA and the local authorities as well as of other agencies that are active in drug prevention, also targets other community groups. The main aim of community-based action is to raise community awareness and involvement in prevention interventions. The main target groups reached are members of local voluntary organisations, the Armed Forces, law enforcement, mediators (e.g. priests, camp team leaders, Sunday School teachers, members of sports or culture clubs, etc.).

Limited provision

The New National Drug Strategy (2005-2012) recommends ��the development of prevention interventions and counselling for young people, ��, employees and youth serve in the forces��. Regarding the availablitity of interventions, in order to reach the youth and involve them in prevention interventions, Prevention Centres run by OKANA and the local authorities as well as other agencies that are active in drug prevention, do not restrict their interventions to the school setting only. In spite of the reported difficulties in ensuring youth participation (e.g. finding time to attend, high drop out rates, etc.), prevention agencies target preadolescents and adolescents by means of interventions implemented outside the school setting. Prevention interventions involve: brief information and awareness interventions, personal and social skills education seminars, creative activities, counselling.

Rare provision

Apart from providing support and reference services to young users and their families, Mobile Unit PEGASUS (��TH��) implements brief community-based interventions across the country. The missions of PEGASUS are addressed to the local community and include information and awareness raising meetings, experiential workshops, as well as cultural and sports events.

Limited provision

Prevention Centres run by OKANA and the local authorities as well as other agencies that are active in drug prevention, organise creative activities in an effort to attract young children.

Low

Extensive provision

Apart from those on drug prevention, personal and/or social skills training is included in other Health Promotion Programmes which cover a broad range of topics (e.g. diet and nutrition, gender relations, traffic education, volunteer movement, etc.). Moreover, interventions organised by Prevention Centres run by OKANA and local authorities as well as by other agencies are active in drug prevention (on their own initiatives not in the context of Health Promotion Programmes), and delivered either by prevention professionals or by trained teachers with the support of prevention professionals, mainly involve personal and/or social skills training, not necessarily using standardised programmes.

No provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

No provision

Rare provision

Usually organised in the context of Health Promotion Programmes, for example at the end of their implementation for the diffusion of the results, etc.

Rare provision

Lectures / sessions with the main objective to provide information on drugs.

Rare provision

Full provision

Information on drugs is provided into school subjects of the school curriculum.In addition, information activities on drugs organised by Prevention Centres run by OKANA and local authorities as well as by other agencies that are active in drug prevention, are gradually expanding in schools. These activities mainly involve the provision of information on drugs and on drug use consequenses as well as on normative education.

Extensive provision

The Prevention Centres run by OKANA and the local authorities as well as other agencies that are active in drug prevention, implement training sessions for teachers to incorporate the principles of prevention into school life. These seminars include training in methods of experiential learning, active listening, etc.

Low

Rare provision

This target group is mentioned in the New National Drug Strategy (2005-2012). In specific, it is suggested the implementation of prevention interventions and counselling.

Limited provision

This group is not explicitly mentioned either in the New National Drugs Strategy (2005-2012) or the National Action Plan on Drugs (2008-2012). However, as far as the school community is concerned, "the improvement of the detecting methods of risk factors and the development of early intervention ' is referred to the New National Drugs Strategy (2005-2012), while 'the strengthening of the protective factors that affect the behaviour' of young people is referred to the National Action Plan on Drugs (2008-2012). The Prevention Centres run by OKANA and local authorities as well as other agencies that are active in drug prevention, respond to demands of people with psychosocial problems. Thus, the approach of this group is through the reception of requests. KETHEA Prevention Sector approach young people with problems of low academic performance, with mental health problems and with low parental supervision, in squares, cafes, etc. with the objective to involve them in prevention interventions.

Rare provision

No provision

Rare provision

In view of delinquency prevention, in 1995 Juvenile Protection Associations (JPAs) were set up, under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice, to prevent juvenile delinquency. These are legal entities under the public law reporting to the Ministry of Justice. Their mission is to prevent delinquency among minors who exhibit antisocial behaviour or risk becoming perpetrators or victims of criminal offences because of inappropriate or non-existent family environment or other adverse social conditions or reasons. Furthermore, the Ministry of Justice established back in 1976 the Supervisory Juvenile Services at the Juvenile Courts, operating under the auspices of the juvenile judge in the seat of each court of first instance that has a Juvenile Court. They represent the primary non-institutional service for young offenders or minors at risk of becoming perpetrators or victims of criminal offences. They are staffed by juvenile supervisors, who work with minors upon whom the reformatory measure of supervision has been imposed (article 122 of the Penal Code). Measures of prevention and early intervention for young offenders are offered also by bodies from the field of addictions. Since 1998, STROFI Open Therapy Programme for Adolescents has been operating a Counselling Centre for Adolescent Offenders at the Athens Juvenile Court. Drug education for young offenders: Training Icarus (TACADE, 2000), published by KETHEA in cooperation with TACADE, UK, is an educational material for professionals providing counselling and support to young people with delinquent behaviour associated with drug dependence.

Rare provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

No provision

Rare provision

Low

Limited provision

Low

Spain

32.3

Limited provision

Full provision

The use of tobacco inside the schools is forbidden by law in all Autonomous Regions.

Extensive provision

80% of the municipalities of over 20,000 local residents have Drug Plans (Final evaluation of National Drug Strategy 2000-2008; Source: Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces)

Extensive provision

There is a wide range of training programs for mediators, especially aimed at social workers, psychologists, etc, working in prevention programs

Limited provision

Some regions have implemented youth counselling services in schools ("consulta j��ven"), carried out by health professionals from primary health care services.

Extensive provision

These interventions are common in nightlife settings of big cities and festivals, raves

Full provision

The Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs has a specific line of funding for alternative leisure projects aimed at local governments (municipalities).

Medium

No information

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

It is an unpopular measure in Spain

Full provision

Many schools engaged in this kind of activity, but less than in MUSTAP programs.

Extensive provision

The main objective of these visits is information provision. The Ministries of Interior and Education signed a collaboration agreement in 2007 to develop preventive actions in schools carried out by police officials in the classroom.

Extensive provision

Many schools are involved in this type of actions.

No information

The new education law defines the content of the subjects at the national level, it inlcudes some information about drugs in subjects of high school (more tha 16 years old students).

No information

It has been an important line of action in the 90s, with the L.O.G.S.E. ( The General Law for the Education system) that demanded mainstream drug prevention in school. At that time the Ministry of Education developed a specific material (""red boxes"") for the mainstreaming of drug prevention in the curriculum of each subject within the compulsory education but in some years it was seen as a difficult to implement way of working in drug prevention. Currently this line is maintained in the Network of Health Promoting Schools"

Medium

Limited provision

There are special low educational and training resources for students who do not complete compulsory education. These resources are offered by schools or/and social services.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

Low

Limited provision

Youth counselling services exist in Catalonia, Asturias, Anadalucia, developed in coordination with Primary care health centers. One of its objectives is the screening of students with drug problems.

Medium

France

29.8

Full provision

The consumption of licit or illicit drugs within school as well as the dealing or the suspicion of dealing narcotics within school or in the vicinity are regulated by both the Public Health Act and the Penal Act. The legal provisions regarding these issues and the corresponding sanctions are specified in the school rules.

Full provision

Since the 1st February 2007, all the schools have become non smoking place, even for the personnel. However, in some rare cases, the difficulty of the full application of the law has been reported for pupils or students at boarding (private) school that are allowing smoking inside their premises.

Extensive provision

Community located prevention refers to the prevention measures carried out in other frameworks other than school or occupational settings. It remains quite less diffused than school-based prevention. Two environments are mainly concerned and are specifically identified in the 2008-2011 National Drug Action Plan. First, in leisure-time or sport settings, mostly universal prevention actions targeting either drug or alcohol consumption or the specific issue of doping which is part of addictive behaviours covered by the French anti-drug policies. Actions are delivered by socio-educational professionals employed by the same settings or by specialized drug prevention associations. Second, selective prevention actions are implemented in the "priority quarters" (among which 751 "sensitive urban areas" (ZUS) in 2009) which are defined by the Bureau of City Policy according to socioeconomic, housing and schooling indicators. Actions in these so-called "sensisitive quarters" are mainly outreachwork or counselling and are delivered by associations specialized either in drug prevention or in the delinquency prevention. The targets groups are addressed regardless of ethnic criteria.

Extensive provision

At local level, the interagency work is organised through the coordination committees related to : - the action plans on drugs and drug addictions defined by the prefecture in each "d��partement" (i.e sub-regional administrative level) - the Local Security Contracts (CLS) with a focus on prevention of delinquency, each one being signed between the state and a city - the Urban contracts for social cohesion (Cucs, 497 in 2009) which are the unique contractual framework for the coherence of all interventions developed in the "sensivitive quarters" in favour of the employment and economical development, better living environment, educational achievements, citizenship and delinquency prevention, health. The two latter types of contracts come within the City Policy.

No information

The 2008-2011 National Drug Action Plan exhorts the local authorities and professionals to associate the inhabitants of the target quarters of the City Policy when they define model strategies of networking for parenting support and any other coherent measures likely to curb the causes of the delinquency related to drug use and trafficking.

No information

In general, training programmes are delivered at the "d��partement" (sub-regional) level and are directed to professionals.

Limited provision

No information

Low

No information

There is still no national information system on drug prevention actions available that enables to draw a clear picture of the diverse types of programmes and methods implemented in France.

No provision

When school-based prevention actions are delivered to a specific gender this is most often because this gender is "naturally" over-represented in the targeted public. This is the case, for instance, for many vocational education establishements. In this context, the gender specific targeting is more a structural condition than a strategical choice.

No provision

When school-based prevention actions are delivered to a specific gender this is most often because this gender is "naturally" over-represented in the targeted public. This is the case for instance for many vocational education establishements. In this context, the gender specific targeting is more a structural condition than a strategical choice.

Rare provision

The frequent difficulty of such events is to motivate parents to come and take part into the action.

No information

There is still no national information system on drug prevention actions available that enabling to draw a clear picture of the diverse types of programmes and methods implemented in France.

Extensive provision

No provision

Neither collective nor individual drug testing is authorized in schools. Indeed, drug testing is perceived as affecting the human rights and the individual liberty.

Extensive provision

Specific ��days�� of drug prevention could be organized on the headmasters' initiative, in agreement with regional and local school authorities. It can be half day, one day or multi-day events.

Extensive provision

In France, the drug prevention interventions implemented by law enforcement agents concern around 510 anti-drug police officers (PFAD) and 575 anti-drug ��gendarme�� officers (FRAD). The Police and Gendarmerie agents�� expertise regarding the legal provisions related to licit or illicit drug uses and trafficking legitimates their contribution to drug prevention actions on these aspects. These agents are specially trained to adapt their communication and educational methods to the diverse public they address. Since 2006, updating knowledge sessions have been organised to train the PFAD on the dynamical prevention to be applied in school setting according to the guidelines co-edited by the Ministry of National Education and the MILDT. On the 4th of October 2004, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of National Education have made an agreement consolidating law enforcement forces as priority stakeholders to curb violence and to assure security in school and university settings. In this framework, the PFAD and FRAD are designated as key agents for drug prevention and road safety. More specifically, the FRAD��s purpose is to promote among the different publics (minor or adult potential users and their relatives) the correct information on the addiction related harms (health��) to the detriment of their �� festive �� image and the risks incurred juridically and socially speaking.

Extensive provision

Professionals from the NGO involved in drug or addiction related prevention, from health education committees (e.g. CODES), from specialized treatment centres, as well as other general health professionals (physicians, psychologists, etc) or even experts from drug information (ex: CIRDD, DDASS) are part of the external prevention providers.

Full provision

Various disciplines include the information on drugs, from specific standpoints: science (life related sciences), social and civic education, physics and chemistry, French and sport education. An interdisciplinary approach is recommended by national authorities.

Full provision

The contribution of the different disciplines to drug education is favoured by the adoption in 2005 of the Common base of knowledge and skills that establishes all the socio-educative skills that any French should acquire by the end of his compulsory education. This corpus of educational objectives was introduced in 2005 by the guidance and planning law for the future of schools n��2005-380, 23 April 2005 and the decree n�� 2006-830, 11 July 2006 modifying the Education Act. The chapters "Social & civic competences" and "Autonomy & initiative" cover to some extent the Botvin's life skills, aiming at for instance the development among pupils of communication, coping, conflict management skills but also of the development of their critical mind, sense of public-spiritedness, responsibility, solidarity, altruism, etc.

Low

Rare provision

The network of ��local missions�� and of the ��office for counselling, information and guidance�� (PAIO, in French) aim at assisting the young, especially the unskilled young people, in their social and vocational integration.The issue of drop-out or pupils with academic problems is dealt in the 2005-2009 plan of social cohesion under the ministry of Labour, social relations and solidarity.

Limited provision

The issue of drop-out or pupils with academic problems is dealt in the 2005-2009 plan of social cohesion under the ministry of Labour, social relations and solidarity.

Rare provision

Some segments of the immigrant population can be more specifically addressed by drug help services when a very specific drug problem is identified like for the African crack users in the north-east of Paris (in the 18th district). But the cases remain rare and are not well-documented. The COMEDE network (Medical Committee for the exiles) was created 30 years ago in the Parisian region to provide the exiles with medical, social and psychological care. With regard to addictive behaviours, the COMEDE recommendations mainly focus on alcohol and tobacco abuses (http://www.cnle.gouv.fr/Plan-de-cohesion-sociale-2005-2009.html).

No provision

No information

Rare provision

Extensive provision

No information

Low

Full provision

The early identification of pupils having risk behaviours (whether related to drug use or not) is part of universal prevention programmes since it is a general mission of schools, in the remits of the school medico-social staffs. However there is no specific identification mechanisms such drug screening.

Low

Italy

31.5

10.5

No information

Full provision

Extensive provision

Low

No information

No provision

No information

Low

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Low

No information

Low

Cyprus

28.4

Full provision

Extensive provision

No information

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

The 2009-2012 National Drugs Strategy, in the prevention pillar sets as an objective the "promotion and implementation of alternative recreational activities for young people", and identifies the following actions: 1.Financial support of programmes for school children with serious financial problems aimed at creative use of their afternoon hours, in activities chosen by the children themselves in their communities. 2. Promotion of recreational, artistic, cultural, environmental, sports programmes/ healthy activities in the school, the communities and municipalities, aimed at young people in general and particularly high risk youth groups.

Low

Rare provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Events for parents are mainly provided by the Ministry of Education and NGOs.

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Creative extracurricular activities are mainly provided through the "Educational Priority Zones", which include schools in identified high risk areas (deprived economically and socially), where the Ministry of Education and Culture implements prevention programmes according to the identified risk factors.

No provision

Full provision

Limited provision

The main objective of these visits is information and awareness raising regarding drugs. The programmes are addressed to school children, teachers and parents. These sessions are delivered by the Prevention Unit of the Drug Law Enforcement Unit of the Cyprus Police, which has been involved in drug education, as well as drug research (in cooperation with the Cyprus NFP) for years now, aiming at the facilitation of the planning and implementation of their preventive interventions.

Extensive provision

Health education provided by the Ministry of Health and NGO's.

Full provision

Information on drugs is included in one subject in school curricula.

Extensive provision

Low

Extensive provision

This target is predominantly addressed at services or statutory bodies and schools.

Extensive provision

This target is predominantly addressed at services or statutory bodies and schools.

Extensive provision

This target is predominantly provided through the "Educational Priority Zones", which include schools in identified high risk areas (deprived economically and socially), where the Ministry of Education and Culture implements prevention programmes according to the identified risk factors.

Extensive provision

This target is predominantly provided through the "Educational Priority Zones".

Limited provision

Full provision

This target is predominantly provided through the Fred goes Net programme.

Rare provision

Limited provision

No information

No provision

This type of intervention is planned by an NGO (addressing Ethnic Greek community living in Paphos district) and is expected to be submitted for review and approval by the Cyprus Anti-Drugs Council in October 2010.

Low

Full provision

An official cooperation protocol has been established for referring drug using pupils to Adolescents' Counseling Centres (Ministry of Health).

Low

Latvia

37.4

Extensive provision

Full provision

Limited provision

In the new National Drug Strategy 2010-2016, the implementation of Community Drug Plan is mentioned as a priority. In 2009, 11 municipalities out of 118 have developed their own Community Drug Plans.

Rare provision

Limited provision

No provision

Full provision

Low

Rare provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

No provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

The primary objective of police involvement in prevention activities is the spread of information about drug use and possible penal consequences of drug use, possession, dealing etc. In general the attitude and image of the police is not very positive in the society.

Extensive provision

Full provision

Limited provision

Low

Limited provision

The main target groups are children and people working with children in school and social services �� social teachers, psychologists, and head teachers.

Extensive provision

Social teachers and psychologists are present in every school. The educational and informative programs for youth are planned in National Drug strategy 2010 -2016.

No provision

Rare provision

Several activities for the integration of Roma people are mentioned in Latvian National Development Plan 2007-2013. Mainly it focuses on education and employment of Roma people.

Limited provision

No provision

Rare provision

Municipalities and several NGO organize several support groups for children and families.

Extensive provision

Several laws and employment programs address this target group.

Rare provision

A specific program against violence in families 2008-2011 focuses on three main activities: - recognition of violence in families; - prevention of conflicts and violence in families; - rehabilitation for children and women who have suffered from violence in family.

Rare provision

No provision

Rare provision

Several activities for integration of Roma people are mentioned in Latvian National Development Plan 2007-2013. Mainly it focuses on education and employment of Roma people.

Low

Rare provision

Low

Lithuania

35.5

Full provision

The Drug Control Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania prepared the Concept of Medical, Psychological, Social Rehabilitation Services for Children Using Psychoactive Substance (hereinafter �� Concept) approved by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania by Resolution No. 537 of May 17, 2005, (published in the Lithuanian Official Journal, 2005, No. 64-2285) which established the early intervention definition, i.e. psychological, social, pedagogical assistance measures applied to children having identified that they use psychoactive substances. Having identified a child uses psychoactive substances the following early intervention measures are implemented: �� assessment of psychological, social problems of a child using psychoactive substances; �� selection of intervention methods and means matching the child��s needs and drawing up an intervention plan; �� involvement of the child��s parents (guardians, carers), other family members into the implementation of the intervention plan; �� individual/group counselling and psychological assistance, counselling of the child��s family; �� modelling of socially acceptable behaviour; �� development of social and healthy lifestyle habits. The Concept approach includes one of the most important early intervention measures �� to organise a team of specialists working in the school as well as in other institutions to carry out early intervention activities.

Full provision

There is total smoking ban for pupils and all school personnel in schools (inside the school building and around it).

Full provision

For the management of regional and local government programs on drug control and prevention, in 2004-2005 municipalities and regional administrations established drug control commissions and approved their statutes and programs. The objective of these commissions is to implement the national drug control and prevention of drug addiction policy and to coordinate drug control and prevention of drug addiction activities on the territory of the local governments. Also there are Municipality Public Health Offices which are responsible for the healthy life education and promotion as well as for community��s concentration for fighting against drugs.

Extensive provision

Drug control commisions of municipalities involves representatives from NGO, municipal and government institutions. Commission coordinates drug control and drug prevention activities implementation at local level.

Limited provision

In Lithuania, as well as in many European countries, drug prevention activities are organized and implemented through drug prevention projects. State institutions provide financial support for NGO seeking to promote initiatives and implement psychoactive substance use prevention in communities targeting specific groups such as families, school, high-risk children and youths, etc. Increased attention for community activities through financial support for NGOs is foreseen in the 2008-2012 Action Plan of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. State, municipality institutions and organizations provide support organizing and conducting various trainings for specialists and experts. Each municipality has an educational centre which carries out qualification improvement activities for pedagogues, social pedagogues, public health care specialists and primary health care specialists. Municipality Pedagogical-Psychological Servises, Municipality Public Health Bureau, Drug Control Commissions of Municipalities also conduct training for specialists.

Extensive provision

Every year the Drug Control Department organizes trainings for representatives of the different municipalities on drug abuse prevention, social and psychological rehabilitation of drug addicts. Other state institutions, such as the Ministry of Science and Education, the Ministry of Health, the Police Department under the Ministry of the Interior, are also involved in the provision of trainings for specialists working in the field of drug control and drug abuse prevention. Municipalities�� educational centres carry out qualification improvement activities for pedagogues, social pedagogues, public health care specialists and primary health care specialists.

Extensive provision

There are several child and youth centres, psychological support centres for youth, day centres for child and youth at risk. There is also a service of helpline for child and youth, which provides psychological support for child and youth by phone, e-mail and mail. Every municipality has a youth affair coordinator who helps in training activities and to implement youth policy in the municipality.

Rare provision

There is one mobile group under the child protection office in Vilnius working in the field of children rights protection.

Limited provision

Until 2009 both state institutions and municipalities as well as NGOs have been actively involved in organizing and carrying drug prevention actions related with youth and children purposeful occupation and socialization. However, due to the current economic crisis there was no priority of organizing and carrying of drug prevention projects in 2009. In 2009 only one institution �� the Drug Control Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania �� financed prevention activities implemented by NGOs. The Program on Prevention of Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Psychoactive Substances approved by Decree No. ISAK-494, of March 17, 2006, of the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania (��in., 2006, No. 33-1197) was also implemented.

Low

Limited provision

Educational facilities in some local municipalities carry out special activities to develop social skills of pupils to prevent drug, alcohol or tobacco abuse.

No provision

Extensive provision

Parents are a common stakeholder of drug prevention policy applied in schools, though not all types of events are arranged specifically for them. Usually parents are participating in lectures and seminars that take place at school.

Rare provision

Peer-to-peer intervention are used by some institutions and NGOs.

Full provision

Organization of workshops, lectures, discussions, competitions, prevention activities, sports activities, preparation and creation of reports, posters, newspapers are typical forms of prevention actions and are implemented extensively in all schools.

No provision

There is no compulsory drug testing of pupils in schools. If there is any suspicion that the pupil is using drugs, all necessary testing can be carried out in health care institutions, but not in the school. Every child has a right to demand for it's legal representative (parents, tutors and etc.) or for a representative of the state children rights protection agency to assist to the drug testing procedures.

No provision

School - based prevention of drug abuse in Lithuania includes project weeks, competitions, expositions, etc. but all such activities are not organized on a full day basis (i.e. there is no special day when all the activities are organized focusing on drugs prevention).

Extensive provision

The predominant objective of police involvement in drug prevention is to spread information about dangers and risks of drug abuse. Police involvement in drug abuse prevention projects and programs implemented in schools is very commonly used. Usually this involvement means lectures, seminars, discussions and other types of meetings with police officers who describe risks and dangers of drug abuse to pupils, their parents and representatives of organizations working with children.

Extensive provision

Involvement of other external lecturers in drug abuse prevention projects and programs is very commonly used. As with police officers, involvement of external lecturers means lectures, seminars, discussions and other meetings of such kind organized for pupils, their parents and other related persons. Typically the lecturers are medical presonnel from different health authorities, officials from the judicial system (not only police officers, but also judges, prosecutors and etc.), members of non-governmental organizations involved in drug abuse prevention.

Extensive provision

Integrated lessons about healthy way of living is part of drug prevention policy in schools. Information about drugs and other psychoactive substances (emphasizing different aspects and dangers of their abuse) are provided during the lessons of chemistry, religion and ethics. Information about drugs may be included in to learning material of these subjects, though not all schools use this opportunity and integrated lessons at this moment remains only as additional (not main) method of drug abuse prevention.

Extensive provision

Drug prevention topics (sometimes, though not always) are included in the learning material of chemistry, religion and ethics classes.

Low

Limited provision

There are no special provisions in the legal acts specifically targeting drug prevention among early school leavers. Drug prevention in this particular population segment is based on the general principles applied to all children and people of young age. The Program for Reinstatement to School of Children who are not attending School adopted by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (��in., 2008, No. 140-5558) states the main interventions seeking to solve the problem of no school attendance. It addresses the school settings where social educators are responsible to notice, assess as well as to solve the problem of no attendance. Also it addresses out of school settings e.g. in Municipality Pedagogical-Psychological Servises, where it focuses on working with children and their parents on psychological, academic and social problems. Another policy document tackling early school leavers is the minimum care according to the Law of child��s minimum and medium care (��in., 2007, No. 80-3214). The minimum care measures can be applied to children who do not attend school regularly. Several measures can be applied: mandatory specialist consultations, compulsary basic education programs, obligation to attend a day centre, to participate in social education, integration, prevention and other programs. These measures can be implemented at schools, yet also in municipal and non-governmental institutions.

Full provision

There are no special provisions in legal acts which specifically regulates drug prevention among pupils with social, academic problems. Yet it is important to mention, that pupils with social, academic problems are included in group of children at social risk (such as delinquent children, children from families with social problems, children who already suffered from drug abuse and etc.) so that general provisions implemented for this group will also include them. Untill 2009 the Ministry of Education and Science of Lithuania implemented various prevention programs (summer holidays for children, programs for crime prevention among children, the national programs for control of drugs and prevention of drug abuse, the program for purposeful occupation of children). Through these programs children social risk were reached. All these measures were implemented in order to decrease risk of delinquent behavior among children of social risk and to prevent use of drugs and other psychoactive substances. However, due to the current economic crisis there was no priority of organizing and carrying of drug prevention projects in 2009. In 2009 only one institution �� the Drug Control Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania �� financed prevention activities implemented by NGOs.

No provision

If the migrant individual has acquired the status of legal resident, he/she will be entitled to the same services to all individuals in Lithuania.

Limited provision

Social support is provided without discrimination on grounds of sex, race, religion, age, ethnic origin and other. In 2008-2010 the National Programme for Roma integration was implemented.

Limited provision

There are no special mentions in legal acts specifically targeting drug prevention among youth in care institutions. Youth in care institutions usually can be approached at schools by social pedagogues, social workers, teachers and other school personnel as well as in foster homes by psychologists, social pedagogues thought various prevention programs, e.g. life skills education, drug prevention programs, etc.

Limited provision

According to the Law on Social Services, the municipality is responsible for providing social assistance to vulnerable families and social care for adults at social risk. Social support to vulnerable families is financed by the municipal budget and from special targeted subsidies of the state.

Limited provision

Rare provision

Social services in every municipality are provided to families at social risk by helping to develop the social skills and motivation of family members to create a safe, healthy and harmonious environment at home and to increase their participation in the labour market. Reponsibility for organizing this services lays on municipalities, but targeted subsidies from the state budget covers the main part of the funding needs for providing this kind of services

Limited provision

The Law of Social Services addresses this target group - family conflic and neglet - which is included in the definition of family at social risk. Drug abuse prevention for children and youth in families at social risk is organized by state institutions through selective prevention projects as well as by the Ministry of Social Security and Labour through Day Centers.

Extensive provision

No information

Extensive provision

Lithuania provides intervention for the Roma community based mostly in Vilnius. The specific Roma integration programme was recently adopted and implemented by National authorities.

Low

Limited provision

The identification of children using drugs, psychotropic and psychoactive substances is regulated by the Procedure for Early Identification of the Use of Psychoactive Substances by Children (Schoolchildren) approved by Decree No. 437 of 2 April, 2002, by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, of 2 April, 2002, on the Procedure for Early Identification of the use of Psychoactive Substances by Children (Schoolchildren) (published in Lithuanian Official Journal, 2002, Nr. 35-1305; Published in Lithuanian Official Journal, 2007, No. 107-4379). It is rather complicated to identify a child using psychoactive substances. It is very important that parents, teachers and other specialists working with children are able to identify the early symptoms of psychoactive substance use, external signs and behaviour changes of use as signs of psychoactive substance use may also be manifestation of other psychological problems. Following the Procedure of Early (for Schoolchildren) Identification of Use of Psychoactive Substances, a school (specifically �� the head of a school or persons authorised by him/her) assumes responsibility to report a suspicion that a child, using drugs, psychotropic or other psychoactive substances, is intoxicated with such substances and that he/she needs medical check-ups to his/her legal representatives. Solely health care specialists can identify the use of psychoactive substances.

Low

Luxembourg

29.2

4.5

Extensive provision

Full provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

No provision

Limited provision

Low

No information

Rare provision

"Girls day" organised once a year

No provision

Full provision

Parents evenings

No information

Limited provision

No provision

Limited provision

Usually implemented, according to time and financial resources, by the national the Drug Prevention Centre and by trained Police officers intervening in schools settings

Limited provision

The main purpose of these visits is the provision of objective and reliable information on drugs and drug addiction

Limited provision

Ex-user accompanied by a teacher (author of a book on the life of said user) are visiting school classes to share experience.

No information

Low

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

No provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

Low

Full provision

Via ad hoc school psychology departments and in collaboration with specialised agencies

Low

Hungary

24.7

14.5

Extensive provision

Full provision

There are designated areas in most schools, in accordance with the law.

Extensive provision

Coordination Fora on Drug Affairs are responsible for developing local strategic documents that include drug prevention.

Extensive provision

The main objective of the Local Coordination Fora on Drug Affairs is to strenghten inter-agency work at local level, it works quite extensively througout the country.

Limited provision

No information

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

Low

Limited provision

No provision

Limited provision

Some programmes aim at also taking parents into prevention activities together with the children but in most cases they do not succeed.

Extensive provision

The quality of such programmes is very different.

Rare provision

There are creative extracurricular activities in all schools but no information is available on the proportion of drug prevention related acivities.

No provision

Extensive provision

The main objectives of these visits are nformation provision and changing the image of police. In the National Drug Strategy police is only mentioned in the context of supply reduction, they are not mentioned in the pillar on prevention.

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Cross-curricular education is not very common in the Hungarian education system.

Low

Limited provision

There are a few outreach programmes but mostly institutional services work with these young people. There is no Social Strategy dealing with young people at the moment, although there is a National Youth Strategy 2009-2024.

Limited provision

No provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Interventions targeting young offenders are generally diversion programmes.

Limited provision

Service providers visit the care institutions to carry out interventions.

Extensive provision

The provision of interventions is extensive compared to the provision of interventions targeting other vulnerable groups. The distribution of "go-structures" and "come-structures" is rather equal in the case of this target group.

Rare provision

Low

Rare provision

There are different professionals present in the school setting (school psychologist, school social worker, person responsible for youth protection) but they often do not have the specific knowledge and skills to carry out such activities.

Low

Malta

27.8

Full provision

A national policy on procedures to be taken in case of drug use and potential use in schools was published by the Ministry of Education in 2001. The document 'National Policy: Tackling Substance Abuse' gives clear procedural guidlines for intervention to educators who find themselves in situations of dealing with such issues,.

Full provision

Extensive provision

Full provision

Extensive provision

Explicit reference is made in the National Drug Policy to the need for effective parenting skills which should complement school based services. Sedqa, the national drug agency in the country, provides a specific program involving drama which targets parents as well as young people.TLectures are available on request for both parents and school teachers (this is provided on specific requests from schools).

Extensive provision

In Malta's National Drug Policy, it is stated that all efforts should be made to ensure there is active involvement of agencies, health departments, youth organizations, local councils, trade unions, parishes and professional bodies and also that relevant training packages should be offered to all stakeholders involved.

Limited provision

Most prevention services in Malta are school based. However Sedqa does offer training and programs at youth organization level. Also there is a drama program called LifeForce International which is implemented in schools, youth organizations community centres and parishes.

Limited provision

The need for improvement of services related to alternative forms of leisure, especially through sports is highlighted as one of the actions within the National Drugs Policy. Provision exists but more effort could be given to recruiting young people.

Low

Extensive provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Such initiatives are organized on request by the head of the respective school.

Extensive provision

Agencies make use of seminars and week-end live-ins which are organized for young people who are or may be in a position of leadership among their peers (prefects, bus prefects, school council members and potential leaders).

Full provision

Provision exists for the introduction of extra curricular activities for young people within their schools. Importance is given particularly to sports, music, art and other forms of hobbies.

No provision

Extensive provision

Organizations working in the field of prevention organize weekend seminars in the form of live-ins for young people. The target group is most often young people in their final two years of secondary school. Also one day seminars are organized by Sedqa, targeting children aged 10-11 years and focusing on decision making, assertiveness and awareness of peer pressure. Sedqa also offers interventions with young children (7-8 years old) attending the third year of primary school. These sessions consist of six one-hour sessions based on the enhancement of living skills. During the summer months, when students are on holidays, those children opting to attend summer school have the opportunity to attend a 3 day prevention program.

Limited provision

The main objective of these visits are deterrance and information giving. The Police was actively involved in the formulation of the Policy for procedures in schools in cases of substance abuse or potential for substance abuse. (Tackling Substance Abuse, 2001)

Extensive provision

Agencies often involve former client or clients in treatment in the delivery of talks focusing on their personal experience of drug use. Also, programs which are not delivered by school teachers involve a number of expert speakers (police, medical staff, drug professionals working in treatment/prevention).

Extensive provision

Information is included in primary school years (most often during PSD classes) and in secondary schools through the integration of the subject into the curricula of PSD, Maltese Language Lessons, Social Studies and Home Economics.

Limited provision

LifeForce International is a christian organization volunteering in schools, churches and community centres across the world. The group makes use of drama to address drugs and alcohol, violence, bullying, peer pressure, relationships, self-esteem and choice making. The target population for this group are senior secondary school students. Since this is an international programme, it is not always available in Malta, hence the reason for listing it down as limited provision.

Low

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Students with such difficulties are identified by school professionals together with drug agencies delivering programs of prevention in particular settings which are considered high risk. 'Booster', is an initiative by the Teen Support service of Sedqa (the National Drug Agency) which addresses young people who may be at risk or are already experimenting with substances. A drop in centre as well as a support line are also available for young people in need of specific assistance.

No information

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

SEDQA (National Drug Agency) provides a program which focuses on young people and children who are in residential care. The program aims at improving and increasing: - self esteem - ability to express feelings - assertiveness - problem solving

Limited provision

The National Drug Policy mentions explicitly the need for an interdisciplinary approach which brings together stakeholders (service providers, professionals, educators, civil society, youth organisations, parishes, media, local councils....) in providing adequate prevention services to young people in general and more specifically to youth at risk.

Extensive provision

No information

Extensive provision

No information

Low

Full provision

In Malta we have the Anti-Substance Abuse Unit within the Education Department who can be called in to intervene in cases of risk. School staff are encouraged to identify any groups or individuals who may be experimenting or are in a potential risky position so as to be able to recruit help from the various professionals available (councellors, drug professionals, police...)

Low

Netherlands

27.2

Rare provision

The total smoking ban, including a ban on smoking on the areas around the schools, is still under debate between the lower house and the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport and the Ministry of Education.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Low

Rare provision

There are programs at some schools to prevent girls for falling into the hands of "loverboys".

Rare provision

Events for parents are mainly organized at institutes for addiction care.

Rare provision

Peer-to-peer approaches are usually included in programs for targeted prevention.

Rare provision

These activities are mostly organized in the form of targeted prevention.

Rare provision

Drug testing of pupils in schools is still against the rather tolerant climate in the Netherlands, but that climate may be changing and seems to be already changing in some schools.

Rare provision

No provision

Limited provision

Some schools provide external lectures by ex-users or ex-addicts or former police officers, but that is not organized systematically.

Rare provision

Since there is already the program the Healthy School and Drugs, no further information on only drugs needs to be included.

Rare provision

Medium

Extensive provision

The respective ministries have declared: "Under the Care in and around School Bill, schools are required to identify the early signs of problems among their pupils, including alcohol and drug use." Source: T.K.24077-239. Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal vergaderjaar 2009-2010 publicatie-nummer 24077 nr.239 (2009)[House of Representatives of the States General]. Drugbeleid; Hoofdlijnenbrief drugsbeleid [Drug policy; Letter with main outlines]. Den Haag [The Hague]: Sdu Uitgevers. Pupils at risk of dropout are mainly targeted at school, but it has been noticed that the schools are in need of more support and knowledge about how to deal with this problem. It is recommended to adopt a low-threshold and school-based approach in co-operation with other institutes that deal with problematic youth. Source: Ter Bogt, T., Van Lieshout, M., Doornwaard, S., and Eijkemans, Y. (2009). Middelengebruik en voortijdig schoolverlaten: twee onderzoeken naar de actuele en gepercipieerde rol van alcohol en cannabis in relatie tot spijbelen, schoolprestaties, motivatie en uitval. Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Full provision

Alcohol abuse among young people is recognized as a national problem in the Netherlands, and by now young people at risk of alcohol abuse are targeted throughout the whole country.

Limited provision

Extensive provision

There are various instruments within juvenile criminal law and criminal law for the compulsory treatment of young people who have a drug or alcohol problem and also engage in criminal behaviour. Source: T.K.24077-239. Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal vergaderjaar 2009-2010 publicatie-nummer 24077 nr.239 (2009)[House of Representatives of the States General]. Drugbeleid; Hoofdlijnenbrief drugsbeleid [Drug policy; Letter with main outlines]. Den Haag [The Hague]: Sdu Uitgevers.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

High

Limited provision

In practice, early identification depends much on the initiative of individual teachers.

Medium

Austria

25.7

6.5

Full provision

The development of school policies is getting more and more important. On the one hand the network "Healthy schools" aims at developing and implementing a healthy school environment, which affects also addiction prevention. On the other hand school policies are often developed in the context of coping with cases, when students/pupils are suspected of using illegal drugs. However school policies are also increasingly becoming part of primary prevention programmes.

Full provision

Since 2006 smoking is prohibited in public areas/buildings and therefore also in all public schools.

Rare provision

Since no national strategy is available so far, provincial strategies have been established and can be considered "community level plans". A growing number of communities, which implement community-orientated addiction prevention, also include the development of local plans for addiction prevention (e.g. Upper Austria and Lower Austria).

Limited provision

For example interagency work is mentioned in the drug strategy of Vienna and provided as competence centre of the department for youth and families of the city of Vienna ("Drogenkompetenzzentrum der MAG ELF"). But also included in a list of demands recently prepared by a body of experts of the Addiction Advisory Board of Carinthia

Limited provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Implemented in Vienna.

Extensive provision

Implemented in Lower Austria.

Extensive provision

Implemented in Lower Austria.

Medium

Extensive provision

Life skill approaches and social learning theories are the main basis for school-based addiction prevention in Austria. But they are rather the basis for curricular prevention programmes or peer approaches than applied as a type of "training".

Rare provision

Gender-specific interventions are still rare in Austria and mostly limited to special sessions within a prevention project which are delivered separately for girls and boys. But wherever it is possible, girls and boys are separated for addiction prevention workshops. Concerning eating disorders there are not only separate workshops but also different contents.

Rare provision

Extensive provision

School-based prevention measures mostly aim at the integration and participation of parents and offer specific events for them.

Extensive provision

Activities which are based on peer-education models are getting more and more important and are implemented in Upper Austria, Lower Austria and Salzburg.

Extensive provision

The addiction prevention units provide extracurricular activities like theatre and sports, which are an important element of school-based addiction prevention in Austria. Respective projects/interventions are often piloted and evaluated by the addiction prevention units before implemented on a broader level.

No provision

Rare provision

Information days about drugs which are not part of a wider prevention strategy are not considered "state-of-the-art" of addiction prevention in Austria. Nevertheless, such activities are still taking place in some schools.

Extensive provision

Main objective fo these visits is providing information on the law and on the legal consequences of drug consumption. Police officers are still involved a lot in school-based prevention as external lecturers in cooperation with addiction prevention experts, but their task and role is defined by a decree of the Ministry of Interior, which also includes a mandatory training. In Upper Austria there is already a long-term cooperation with the prevention unit, which contributes to the quality of the sessions. In Tyrol recently a project aimed on harmonizing addiction information provided by different experts in schools. Since spring 2007, there is also an agreement concerning cooperation with the addiction prevention unit in Styria. In that context lectures for parents as well as school projects are realized together.

Extensive provision

External lecturers are often involved in prevention measures in schools, but this should be part of a wider strategy or programme and not an isolated activity.

No provision

Information on drugs is only included in school curricula in combination with other prevention topics.

Extensive provision

As part of the principle "health education", addiction prevention is one of the educational priorities to be integrated in all subjects taught in schools. But it is hard to assess to which extent this is actually taking place.

Low

Rare provision

Full provision

This target group is for example mentioned in the addiction concept of the region Burgenland

Rare provision

In Lower Austria a model for integration has been developed, which can also be seen as part of social policies. Both types of provision are relevant: "go-structures" especially in form of outreach work for young people in public places addressing often migrants as well as "come-structures" especially in form of youth centres which also are often used by young migrants.

Rare provision

In Lower Austria a model for integration has been developed, which can also be seen as part of social policies.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

The target is mainly adressed in the care institutions where they live. Youth welfare services are increasingly dealing with the topic of drug use and risks relating to problem drug use. E.g. in Vienna a "competence centre for addiction" exists since several years within the administration in charge of youth welfare in order to ensure proper support of young clients as well as staff and an adequate response to problems.

Extensive provision

Mainly outreach work in public places (especially parks, squares where young people meet) in order to address socially disadvantaged young people and to provide (leisure time) activities for them.

Limited provision

Mentioned for example in the drug strategy of Vienna.

Limited provision

For example project JUPRO, which is mentioned in the addiction plan of Lower Austria

Limited provision

For example project JUPRO, which is mentioned in the addiction plan of Lower Austria

No provision

Limited provision

In the last years, more and more activities have been carried out to reach those families, where addiction (in many cases alcohol) is the problem of one or both parents. The objective of many activities is to improve the sensibility among multiplicators in various institutions.

Rare provision

Low

Extensive provision

The interactive computer based secondary prevention training programme "Step by Step", which is designed to facilitate early recognition and intervention for schools, is currenlty applied in many schools in nearly all Austrian provinces. In addition, a national policy regarding appropriate responses and procedures in case of drug using students is in place (Art. 13 of the Narcotic Substances Act). A decree of the BMUKK provides more detailed guidelines on how the school system has to cope with students who are suspected of using illegal drugs.

Low

Poland

31.4

Extensive provision

Each school is obliged to implement special procedures to respond in case of a pupil with drug problems.

Full provision

In accordance with the Act of Law of 29 July 2005 on Counteracting Drug Addiction all regional and communal governments are obliged to prepare and implement their regional and communal programmes to counteract drug addiction.

Extensive provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Low

Extensive provision

No information

Limited provision

Full provision

No provision

No information

Extensive provision

Short education and information sessions for pupils about the drug law.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

High

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

No information

Low

Full provision

Each school is obliged to prepare and implement prevention programme as well as the procedures of identyfication and intervention in the case of a problematic child.

Low

Portugal

35.4

Extensive provision

In 2009 a "Guide of procedures and approach to situation of suspicion, use and trafficking of psychoactive substances" was completed, co-directed by Casa Pia de Lisboa, Ministry of Education and the IDT,I.P.

Full provision

Extensive provision

Almost all local units have or support interventions with the participation of local entities.

Extensive provision

After local diagnoses have been made with the collaboration of the entities, the interventions are conducted with the participation of a large part of those same entities.

Limited provision

The local diagnoses are frequently made with the participation of the target population and informal leaders.

Limited provision

It is being studied the possibility of enlarging the treatment/counselling structures to youth, namely in the indicated prevention area.

Limited provision

Some intervention projects in recreational and academic settings use mobile teams to approach the target groups

Limited provision

There is more investment on targeted interventions and the IDT is seeking to answer the requests from other entities to support this type of activities.

Low

Extensive provision

No provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

Project "Copos, quem decide ��s tu", implemented by Portuguese Red Cross Youth with the IDT, I.P. support.

Extensive provision

National Network of Health Promoting Schools, extra-curricular activities, activities with NGOs, local associations, etc.

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Extensively implemented via the "International day against drug abuse and illicit trafficking" and other events framed in the school dynamics related with health promotion

Extensive provision

The Ministry of Home Affairs continues to develop a proximity policing programme, Escola Segura (Safe School) to improve safety in the neighbourhood of schools through the PSP (Public Security Police) and the GNR (National Republican Guard). The main objectives of this programme are: raising awareness and acting near students, parents, teachers and responsible school staff regarding the problem of security; advising good practices and recommending the adoption of adequate preventive measures with the aim of ensuring that schools are a safe place and free of drugs.

Limited provision

There are punctual and structured collaborations of experts in psychoactive substances and health professionals (doctors,nurses, psychologists, etc) at the request of schools or integrated interventions

Full provision

It is part of the curricula of all levels of education in various disciplines, namely biology, natural sciences, etc.

Extensive provision

Medium

Rare provision

No provision

Rare provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Rare provision

No information

High

Limited provision

Low

Romania

34.9

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Full provision

Low

Extensive provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Full provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Low

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Low

Limited provision

Low

Slovenia

22.7

Full provision

According to the National Education Institute norms and agreements regarding illicit consumption are included in different rule books.

Full provision

Total smoking ban in schools is defined by the act on restriction of tobacco product use.

Extensive provision

Full provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Low

Rare provision

No provision

Full provision

All schools organise parental meetings, however approximately 10-20 % of parents are not attending such meetings.

Limited provision

Full provision

No provision

Extensive provision

Main objectives of this visits are information provision, norm setting and deterrence. Schools are usually inviting police officers to visit the premise and hold a lecture when a problem involving illicit drug occurs in local area or at school. Those police officers who conduct preventive activities are being trained to acquire knowledge and skills regarding cultural diversity.

Limited provision

Schools are advised not to invite ex-users, furthermore, they are also advised to previously check the program of the lecturer. In the last years the number of interventions by ex-users dropped. On the other hand the number of interventions by experts by different disciplines (e.g. social work, health care, child and youth care etc.) has increased.

Limited provision

Information on drugs are included in different school subjects (biology, chemistry, literature etc..)

Extensive provision

Low

Limited provision

Full provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Low

Rare provision

Low

Slovakia

24.8

Extensive provision

Recommendations and goals of prevention are set in the Educational and Organisational Guidelines (POP), developed for each school year. Each school can developed its individual strategy and school order (corresponding with the framework set in POP). The creation of the school strategy in prevention of risks behaviour of pupils at different level of school education (ISCEDO, ISCED1,ISCED2) is supported by the document of the National Institute for Education (http://www.statpedu.sk). The strategy aims to prevent most frequent forms of risky behaviour in school environment - bullying, truancy, violence,consumption of alcohol,tobacco and illicit drugs, intolerance, human rights abuse, etc.

Full provision

Total smoking bans in schools is set in the Act on the Protection of Non-smokers.

No provision

There are no official regional Community Drug Plans.The regional coordination structures (8), consisting of regional coordinators leading regional commissions, were dissolved at the end of 2007, yet 8 regional experts, specialised on drug agenda within the psychological services of Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family, were installed in 2009. They have to cover the coordination of the drug agenda (incl.reduction of demand) until the establishing of 8 new regional drug coordinators. Those experts are tightly cooperating with other experts from health sector, education, police, regional selfgovernment and NGO sector to come together in managing the drug agenda at regional level. In March 2010 financial funds have been approved to finance 8 regional coordinators functioning at the State Local Authorities. For local level and school prevention (jurisdiction of the Ministry of education) there are school coordinators of prevention in every school with their own prevention plans,and they involve psychological, health and social service representatives into activities. Most of them cooperate with NGOs and the church. Up to today it is a question of financing and cost needs.

Limited provision

Interagency work is not explicitly mentioned in drug policies as formal and institutional networks. On the other hand the effective co-operation is functionning within the regions and/or localities on non-formal level (police, social services, health services, culture centres and with Centres of Educational and Psychological Counselling and Prevention)

Extensive provision

Full provision

The training for community groups in regions/localities is provided by different sectors (social services, health, police) and in different extent. The education sector is the main one for the training of teachers and school staff and providing them with methodological guidelines and counselling as well. The prevention training for the school coordination lasts 40 hours and it is provided by regional Educational and Psychological Counselling and Prevention Centres. Public health services and social services train their own staff and the health sector is provididing special trainings for members of other drug helping services.

Extensive provision

In the education sector there is a network of facilities organizing free-time activities for children and youths. The NGO sector is responsible to establish youth centres, including lowtreshold facilities and youth counselling centres and this is supported by Ministry of Education

No provision

Mobile teams for youth are very rare. Some exist to check the presence of pupils in restaurants and in bars during school classes buying alcohol and cigarettes (project LUMINAR)

Full provision

There are 201 school centres for hobby and different activities (sports, culture, art,media etc). Also 206 leisure time centres serve for sports, music and dance education, summer and winter holiday camps, etc. There are also facilities for children and youth established by NGOs as well as state and private art schools, providing the artistic education.

Low

Extensive provision

Extensive provision of personal and/or social skills is related to teachers, pedagogues and educational counsellors. They are are trained to provide standardised programmes as well as non-standardised activities. TOT trainings are provided by the school counselling centres at the regional level. Social skills training/practice for youth in groups is mostly aimed on peers and/or vulnerable groups.

Rare provision

Sexual education, prevention of anorexia and bulimia, prevention of suicides and human trafficking are specific themes aimed at girls ( 12-18 years old) and presented at schools or within the club activities of school counselling centres.

Rare provision

Mostly on selective prevention level in form of group therapy for boys with behavioural disorders and with the aim to support the development of personality and social skills. Such intervention is provided on a 2 hours weekly basis within the entire school year for small groups of 5 - 10 boys in lowtreshold facility.

Limited provision

Parents are regularly invited for parents and teachers meeting that take place at school premises. Parents delegate one of them to be a "chair" of class council and some of them are part of the Parents Council of School. In principle the Parents Council can organise further meetings and events.

Limited provision

Extensive provision

School and hobbies clubs, free-time/leisure centres and basic art schools are offering the majority of the activities for the development of creative skills.

No provision

Drug testing, including alcohol and other legal drug in schools can be perfromed on minors (until 18 years of age) under the permission of parents or other authorised trustees and only by an authorised health or police staff. The only exception is allowed in vocational schools within the practical lessons (under the regime of workplace safety). In case a pupil is suspected of alcohol or illicit drug consumption, the responsible teacher contacts the local police (state and/or municipal). Medical services makes available the relevant equipment to detect the presence of alcohol and/or psychoactive substances. If the presence of the substance is confirmed, the headmaster should proceed accoridng to the Act on State Administrative in Education sector ( Act No. 596/2003 as amended �� 5, sect.10).

Extensive provision

Activities are implemented during internationally known health promotion events such as the Day for the prevention of HIV/AIDS, and for the prevention of smoking, the International Day against illicit drug misuse and trafficking, the European antidrug week etc. In these occasions schools are concentrating their activities in forms of sports and art competitions, expositions, quizes on health and health life style, chats with doctors and the vist of some cultural event with the clear message warning on health risks related to drugs abuse etc.

Rare provision

The main objective of these visits in the provision of information to improve legal conscience on risky behaviour and crime and to develop reponsible assesment of such behaviour. Moreover they serve to inform about the police activities in reducing the crime, drug crime and position of police in the public services system.

Limited provision

Extensive provision exists when experts from medecine and psychology (i.e. psychologists from school counselling centres) are providing external lectures. Chats with ex- users are rare.

Extensive provision

Information on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs use prevention is included into school curricula, mostly within the ethics and civic classes, yet could also be present in the religion education,biology, chemistry, literature, and classmaster��s classes. Most of the programmes are implemented within the ethics lessons and by teachers specifically trained to provide the course or by pedagogues and psychologists from school counselling services/ centres. In the school year 2008/2009 Educational and Psychological Counselling and Prevention Centres had organised 556 preventive programmes (264 for elementary schools, 104 for high school pupils, 61 peer programmes and 54 for vulnerable groups).

Extensive provision

A cross-section theme " Pro-societal Education" is included in the State Programme of Education, covering the development of social competencies, health and health life promotion, environmental education, human rights, improvement of social environment, communication and cooperation, prevention of violence, bullying, prevention of dependences, human trafficking etc. The aim of pro-societal education is to establish and to enhance the development of the relevant lide skills and to create a protective school environment.

Low

Limited provision

There are school special educational facilities (diagnostic centres, educational sanatories and re-education facilities) that can deal with such cases when this need occurs.

Extensive provision

Such target group - pupils with problems in learning, behavioural problems including socially vulnerable children - is treated by the Psychological and Educational Counselling and Prevention Centres and the Special Education Care Centres

Rare provision

There are different type of immigrants - when illegal immigrants are concerned, they are concentrated in special facilities with complex of health and social services (jurisdiction of Ministry of Home/interior). Legal immigrant residents form rather closed communities based on family relations and only children attending regular schools can be addressed by prevention programmes.

Limited provision

Ethnic groups are not identified as such but identified under the term vulnerable, socially marginalised, risky group, eg. Roma population. This target group is addressed at home or in the streets by community nurses, social workers, health asistents as well as in community centres ( "go structures" and "come structures" approach is quite balanced). the educaiton sector provides complex psychological and educational services for children starting from kindergarten, elementary schools and secondary schools. A special position of teacher��s assistant was established for interested parties speaking roma language and his/her task is to facilitate the communication between small children speaking only roma language and the teacher.

Rare provision

1) Social services (foster homes/guardians) (jurisdiction of Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family ) are to provide social assistance to young offenders when discharded from prison 2) Social service in penitentiary facility (jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice). In Slovakia there is a special penitentiary facility for criminally liable minors (14-18 years). 3) Probation services ( Ministry of Justice and Judiciary) when offenders are punished thorugh alternatives to imprisonment. 4) School special facilities (diagnostic centres and re-education facilities) for children and young under the age of criminal liability (less than 14 or for children with behavioural disorders). Such care can be ordered by the courts under the Educational Policy. Within the framework of universal prevention schools have their key preventive activities in crime prevention.

Rare provision

State care institutions are : 1.Foster care facilities for children and young under 18 years ( as well as foster care in substitutional families) controlled by Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Families. 2. School special residential facilities ( jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education) provide long standing psychological and pedagogical care (diagnostic centres, educational sanatories and re-education centres) when some problems appear that cannot be managed on outpatient school educational facilities (Psychological and Pedagogical Counselling Centres). In these residential facilities the selective prevention is passed onto the level of indicative prevention, since each child/minor is educated and treated according to an individual re-education plan.

Rare provision

There is a balanced approach of services of go structures and come structures - school psychological and educational services together with community centres and low treshold facilities

Rare provision

Social services and specific community social services (fieldwork) aimed at socially marginalised groups. Health services and specific community health assistant also work with the same target group.

Rare provision

Social services and specific community social services (fieldwork) aimed at this target group together with health services and specific community health assistants. Social services of Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Families and Ministry of Education co-operate for providing such children (with socially disadvantaged parents) one warm meal daily for a symbolic price/fee and didactic sets.

Rare provision

Social and psychological services within the Ministry of Labour,Social Affairs and Family

Rare provision

Social and psychological services within the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family

No information

Children from families with mental health problems can be provided psychological care in school psychological and educational counselling centres and at special education centres

Limited provision

Low

Extensive provision

Starting point of early identification is the identification of troubled behaviour(s) and/or manifestations of some difficulties at individual level usually by teachers, coordinators of the prevention centres, by educational counsellors, school psychologists and/or by parents. The second possibility of early identification is "mass" depiction via screening of vulnerable pupils at schools, supervised by psychologists (eg. pupils risk behaviour survey carried out by teachers). The children are then recommended to visit the school counselling centre. There are 76 Centres of Educational and Psychological Counselling and Prevention almost in every district of Slovakia (79 districts in total), employing 400 psychologists and nearly 300 special pedagogues. When the cause is detected, the appropriate professional approach to solve, reduce or eliminate the reason is selected and implemented.

Low

Finland

25.9

32.5

Full provision

Mandatory for each school. It "exists in all", not "nearly all". It focuses on licit drugs rather than the illicit.

Full provision

It existis in all schools, not "nearly all".

Full provision

Mandatory for municipalities. Alcohol & drug prevention strategy may be an independent document or a clearly defined part of a municipal health/welfare/safety strategy document.

Full provision

It is mandatory for municipalities to organize multi-agency alcohol & drug prevention, including the 3rd sector.

Extensive provision

Full provision

Youth work, providing these services, is mandatory for municipalities. Moreover the 3rd sector and religious communities contribute widely.

Extensive provision

Full provision

Provided by several actors (both public service, particularly schools and NGOs).

Low

Full provision

This a basic principle of all education, applied to health education as other relevant subjects. Training, manuals & tools come from teachers' professional education.

Extensive provision

Commonly provided particularly in the context of youth work.

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Very common, but takes place mostly within the forms of parents-school co-operation. In addition, one-to-one consultation/meetings are offered to parents.

Full provision

Extensive peer student activity, facilitated by a specialized NGO together with schools.

Extensive provision

Provided by 74 % of schools.

No information

Drug testing pupils and students at random or in mass is prohibited by law therefore "no provision". In individual cases where it may be applied, there is "full provision".

Limited provision

One-day or repeated sessions are offered to schools by some 3rd sector organisations. Theme days may also be a part of community-wide comprehensive projects. More common when drugs and alcohol are incorporated in a wider "good health/ healthy lifestyles" theme weeks.

Limited provision

The police participate predominantly a) as actors in a multi-professional network, supporting its common objectives, b) in the framework of wide police - school co-operation where subject may vary (traffic safety, criminal law & minor offences, bullying etc). There has been a rapid change from competition and conflicting views ("ownership of the drug problem"), between police and health/welfare sectors in the 90es. At present there is co-operation and a common strategy.

Rare provision

Strongly advised against by experts and authorities, but cannot be entirely prevented.

Rare provision

Never only on illicit drugs; alcohol and drugs are a well-defined part of mandatory health education on all levels.

Extensive provision

The mandatory drug strategy for each school may or may not include these elements. "Holistic" or "ecological" definitely describe our approach to prevention, rather than "program-based". On the other hand, this approach is not ad hoc: it is carried out strategically and systematically.

Low

Full provision

Provided primarily through an extensive network of ��workshops�� organised by 3rd sector and municipalities as a part of the permanent structure of youth work and selective prevention.

Extensive provision

Support interventions for learning as well as specialized social and health services are provided by schools by law. However, the availability of these services does not entirely meet the standard set by law.

Limited provision

Services exist in cities where immigrant population mainly lives, as well as within a range of specialized services for immigrants.

Extensive provision

Services and material are available for the largest ethnic minority groups, such as the Sami, the swedish-speaking minority, Russians and Roma people in their languages and tailored to their cultures.

No information

Full provision

Various services offered by social and health services in co-operation with the police, as well as addiction treatment, social rehabilitation, education and training in prisons, social after-care after prison by a NGO co-opertaing with prison authorities, and workforce authorities.

Full provision

Mainly by child protection authorities and institutions

No information

There are tailored interventions for those parts of cities or neighborhoods which could be described socially disadvantaged in some respects. However there is no clear-cut class of such neighborhoods due to our general welfare and housing policy.

Extensive provision

There is a very good legal base, yet municipalities often find themselves incapable of providing the services to the extent required by law.

Limited provision

Full provision

Neglect is systematically addressed in child protection & other social services Mutual training and co-operation with law-enforcement authorities is in place.

No information

Extensive provision

A recent development in mental health and drug policies is to combine relevant services.

Extensive provision

There are projects in cities where such families live.

Low

Full provision

Is a central task for health and welfare services as well as teachers and is provided systematically in each school. It is a particular area of co-operation and information-sharing within school as well as between school and social and health services.

Low

Sweden

24.8

Limited provision

A national survey of administrative staff in about a third of the Swedish municipalities estimated that 75-100 percent of the nine-year (compulsory) schools had an alcohol- and drug policy in 2009. In the other municipalities the number of schools were either less or information about the policies was lacking.

Full provision

Smoking in schools is prohibited by Swedish law.

Extensive provision

In the Swedish national action plans to prevent harmful effects of alcohol and narcotics during the period 2006-2010 there is an emphasis on coordination between prevention of harm caused by different substances for example alcohol and narcotics. The development of community drug plans has high priority in the alcohol plan (but not explicitly mentioned in the national action plan on narcotics). 80-90 percent of the Swedish municipalities had a local alcohol and/or drugprevention policy in 2009.

Extensive provision

About 80 percent of the municipalities did cooperate with the police authority in the preventive work regarding narcotics in 2009 and about half of the municipalities did cooperate with the health-care sector. In the preventive work to reduce harmful effects of alcohol cooperation between different authorities was even more prevalent.

Extensive provision

In a survey carried out in 2010 around a third of the parents of children in the senior level of the nine-year (compulsory) school reported that cooperation between the school and the parents to reduce alcohol consumption among the youths was established. This cooperation might also influence the use of narcotics among the youths.

Extensive provision

Limited provision

No information

Local social workers tries to get in contact with youths in different places (streets, etc.). The extent of this type of intervention is not known (from a national perspective).

Extensive provision

Cooperation in the prevention work between municipality authorities and non-profit organizations of different kinds is common in Sweden. In 2009 about 40 percent of the municipality authorities cooperated with sport associations to prevent the use of narcotics and about the same number cooperated with religious communities. In the alcohol prevention work about 60 percent of the municipality authorities cooperated with sport associations.

Low

No information

Limited provision

According to a national survey regarding drug prevention activities in municipalities in 2009 there are groups for girls in some places, but at national level there is a lack of information about how prevalent they are.

Limited provision

According to a national survey regarding drug prevention activities in municipalities in 2009 there are groups for boys in some places, but at national level there is a lack of information about how prevalent they are.

Extensive provision

In a national survey, regarding the drug prevention work in the municipalities 2009, about 75 percent of the communities reported (by administrative staff) that there was a prevention programme carried out among parents in association with parent-teacher meetings in one or more of the schools. The content of the information given is focused on preventing the pupils/youths from drinking alcohol, but is probably useful for preventing the use of narcotics among the youths too.

No information

Extensive provision

The Swedish schools are responsible for informing pupils about the risks associated with addictive substances such as alcohol, tobacco and narcotics. A national survey carried out in 2009 indicated that half of the pupils in the last year-class of the nine-year school had got information about drugs during the current school year. Whether full provision in all relevant location exists is hard to say.

No information

Low

No information

Pupils with learning problems can get help from learning specialists or school psychologists with special education in pedagogy. The number of the pupils with learning problems that get this kind of support is not known.

No information

Immigrants as a group are not mentioned in the Swedish national action plans to prevent harmful effects of alcohol and narcotics, only ethnic and cultural aspects of prevention.

No information

Non institutional care and social workers seeking contact with youths, among them probably also young offenders, in different settings are common in local communities. A special model developed in the municipality of Link��ping involves police and social workers visiting parents of youths that have been detected using or carrying narcotics. There are also certain programmes carried out among young criminals in order to change behavior. The extent of this type of interventions is not exactly known. Services are provided both home or in the street and at services or statutory bodies.

Limited provision

No information

Parents in socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods are mentioned in the national action plan on alcohol (not the action plan on narcotics).

Full provision

The social service sector in the municipalities is responsible for supporting people in need of assistance, for example families in which one or more family members are substance abusers.

No information

Children in different risk situations with psychosocial risk factors are prioritazed but "family conflict and neglect" are not explicitly mentioned.

No information

Extensive provision

Interventions for children with parents suffering from mental problems are mentioned in the national action plan on alcohol, but not in the action plan on narcotics. In a national survey, in which half of the municipalities reported about interventions carried out in 2009 to support children in vulnerable families, 56 percent of the municipalities reported about interventions for children with parents suffering from mental health (interventions focused on the child as well as the parents or family network).

No information

Low

No information

Low

United Kingdom

32.4

23.5

Full provision

In England guidance for schools includes having clear written policies for dealing with drug related incidents. Schools are expected to be closely linked to Targeted Youth Support or wider childrens services for young people who need them. In Scotland, individual schools have their own policies regarding both legal and illegal substances.

Full provision

Smoking in all indoor public and work places is banned throughout the UK since 2007.

Full provision

There is a strong focus on the provision of interventions within national drug strategy but young people interventions/provision are taken forward locally working to address local need. In England every local authority is expected to have a Children��s Plan that addresses issues such as substance misuse. Linked to this every authority should have a young people��s treatment plan identifying local need and ensuring a full range of provision to meet that need. The Aiming High strategy also sets out expectations for providing a range of positive activities for young people at the local level. Not all universal prevention initiatives are currently embedded in children's plans and many activities within them only cover drug prevention indirectly. In Scotland local Alcohol & Drug Partnerships (ADPs) exist in each local council area to transform the provision of services to tackle substance misuse.

Full provision

Drug Action Teams are local strategic partnerships working to deliver the drug strategy at local level. A similar approach is found in NI, Scotland and Wales. In Scotland each ADP has a local alcohol and drugs strategy which aims to ensure all relevant partners can contribute to the identification of local needs and focus investment. In England Children��s Trusts aim to ensure multi-agency working between health, education and wider services to meet the needs of young people and 98% of Local Authorities have Targeted Youth Support (TYS) in place in some form which aims to link different agencies and specialisms and to provide early interventions with drug or alcohol use.

Extensive provision

The 2008 UK Drugs Strategy prioritised protecting and supporting families. Additional guidance on involving families and carers in support services has also been produced. In Nothern Ireland DACT teams support community services. In Scotland ADPs are embedded within wider arrangements for community planning and have a strategic role in co-ordinating efforts to tackle problem drug and alcohol misuse in the local area. In Wales a national Peer Mentoring Scheme offers support to assist with the successful transition from treatment to employment, education or training. New child protection legislation has introduced Integrated Family Support for families affected by substance misuse and is currently being piloted.

Limited provision

In England funding has been provided to develop a national network of family self-help groups via increased training, information and support. Scotland��s drug strategy aims to ensure that the principles of recovery are reflected in training and workforce development programmes.

Extensive provision

It is a priority in NI, Wales and Scotland, mentioned in England. In England, as part of the development of Targeted Youth Support, universal and targeted services are increasingly working more closely. Information, Advice and Guidance services are a central part of Local Authority provision for young people and are linked in to more targeted services for those young people who need them. In Scotland, a project is underway (Young Scot) to develop the capacity of substance misuse peer educators across Scotland. It aims to establish Youth Investigation Teams to represent the diversity of young people in Scotland.

Rare provision

Mobile teams for youth would not be organised nationally but commissioned through local Childrens Services, Drug Action Teams etc. to address local needs. They are mainly offered by independent drug charities. Detached youth workers and street-based teams are a central part of activity to prevent youth crime and associated problem behaviours. These teams have identified alcohol and, to a lesser extent, drug use as common issues they come into contact with and, under multi-agency working arrangements, have sought to address these. Though some of this work could be considered ��outreach�� with more high risk groups, these teams are also used to deliver more universal education and information services and come into contact with a wide range of young people with varying need. In Scotland the CashBack for Communities scheme includes a range of partnerships with Scottish sporting, arts and youth work organisations to deliver a programme of diversionary activities for young people. The programme is funded using monies recovered from criminals under the Proceeds of Crime Act.

Extensive provision

In Scotland Choices for Life events are available to every year 7 primary school pupil in addition to the CashBack for communities scheme. In England there is a statutory duty on Local Authorities to make provision for young people in local areas on positive activities. Positive Futures projects are targeted at the most deprived areas and under the ��Aiming High�� scheme 2.5 million young people have benefited from new provisions of positive activities over the past three years and over two thirds of young people aged 11 to 15 have benefited from cultural activities for five hours a week or more. In Wales diversionary activities are planned and commissioned locally by Community Safety Partnerships based upon locally identified need.

Low

Rare provision

In England gender and other personal characteristics should be considered in planning sessions and programmes of prevention.

Rare provision

Extensive provision

Rare provision

In England Peer to Peer programmes are locally determined. The Scottish Government fund a peer to peer support mechanism focusing predominately on drugs e.g. local youth councils. Also, in Scotland there is a pilot scheme underway known as ASSIST, although this mainly deals with smoking prevention, there is potential to extend its use to other substances

Limited provision

Rare provision

There is no national policy but it is an option that an individual school may use. DCFS guidance states ��Headteachers are entitled to use such strategies and they are best placed to make decisions on whether such approaches are appropriate.�� It asks schools to carefully consider before taking this forward. Although no figures are available, it is likely that few, if any, schools actually do this (e.g. perhaps in response to one off events or a drugs incident in school).

Limited provision

Commonly offered in schools by external providers, e.g. theatre projects etc. They are organised in response to local need and the availability of resources. FRANK activity as part of parents evenings and through visiting schools to deliver information sessions is offered throughout the year. In Scotland numerous substance misuse education events happen throughout the year, delivered at local levels by external delivery partners. The Choices for Life events are to help young people make the right choices, to encourage them to be positive and live a healthy lifestyle.

Rare provision

The Association of Police Chief Officers (APCO) have advised that police should only deliver sessions on legal aspects of drug use. Schools will usually have a named police officer through their Safer Schools Partnership or Neighbourhood Policing Team to advise on drug policies and the legal aspects of drugs but active involvement in prevention sessions would be as part of a school-lead programme .ACPO's guidance in England (ACPO 2006) and Safer Schools Partnerships in high crime areas are aimed at early intervention and prevention and include a partnership role for community police officers who are based in schools. Elsewhere there is a more structured approach. In NI there is a police education programme e.g. solvent education with strong lay support amongst parents/ govenors. In Wales, the police are involved fully in the delivery fo the All-Wales School Liaison Core Programme.The All Wales Schools liason programme is run by police officers and Choices for Life events in Scotland are avilable to all children in the final year of primary schools, but are not necessarily taken up. These events aim to re-enforce classroom teachings avilable to all children in the final year of primary schools.

Limited provision

Few standards and criteria for external providers in England, non-statutory guidance exists around external contributers in DCFS Drug Guidance for Schools �� achievable learning objectives must be set and locally monitored. In Scotland a wide variety of organisations and individuals will be invited into schools. In Wales provision is locally developed and delivered.

Extensive provision

All schools in England should deliver PSHE (though currently on a non-statutory footing) and are encouraged to make links to wider subjects where appropriate. Scotland��s Curriculum for Excellence, embeds substance misuse education to develop an understanding of the use and misuse of a variety of substances, including drugs, prescribed medicines and solvents, and develops understanding of long-term consequences of life-choices.

Limited provision

In England there is provision on drug prevention through the National Healthy Schools Programme. In Scotland the Schools (Health Promotion and Nutrition (Scoltand ) Act 2007 is supported by guidance on a whole-school approach to promoting the physical, social, mental and emotional well being of pupils and staff.

Medium

Extensive provision

In England there is a commitment for school excludees to automatically receive an assessment using the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) to identify the full range of needs the young person may have and to feed into Targeted Youth Support arrangements (TYS). The key elements of TYS are now in place in 98 per cent of local authorities. Targeted support is also available within specialist educational provision, such as Pupil Referral Units, where the curriculum and focus on drug education and prevention is more closely aligned to the higher levels of need experienced amongst this group. In Scotland the ��More Choices, More Chances�� strategy aims to reduce the number of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET). Locally, LA-led MCMC Partnerships are driving a multi-agency approach to ensure the learning and wider support systems deliver better outcomes for those most at risk of moving into a negative destination beyond school. Activity focuses on early identification and on-going tracking and monitoring of those at risk; early intervention to keep them engaged in learning; and re-engaging those who have disengaged to get them back into the system. Every authority has an MCMC Action Plan to focus activity. (A new UK Government took office on 11 May 2010. As a result, the content of this return may not reflect current Government policy. Work is currently underway to develop a new UK Drug Strategy. The responses are written to reflect the policy position as set out in published strategies, guidance and documents as of July 2010.)

Extensive provision

In England the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) should help identify pupils needs at an early stage. This is supported by activity within the Healthy Schools Programme, where School Nurses, Drugs Advisers and other staff are tasked with identifying and responding to young people who have particular problems within school or who are at risk of exclusion. Service commissioning is determined locally, on the basis of a local needs assessment, while national guidance sets out the expectations across all schools.

Rare provision

Local Authorities should have both a Children��s Plan and a Young People��s Treatment Plan developed on the basis of local need and addressing specific issues faced by the different social and ethnic groups within the local area. These should be responsive to the patterns in drug use and misuse amongst these groups. While immigrants are not explicitly mentioned within national drug policies there is a clear expectation that local agencies base their service provision on a thorough needs assessment.

Limited provision

The national Drug Strategy identifies that particular ethnic groups may be more or less vulnerable to different forms of substance misuse. Locally, authorities are expected to consider the needs of different ethnic groups within their children��s plan and young people��s treatment plan. National Indicator data on levels of substance misuse identifies differences across ethnic groups. In Scotland several small research and action research projects have been carried out to illustrate the nature and extent of BME communities�� knowledge and use of illegal drugs in order to increase knowledge, capacity and skills in this area.

Extensive provision

Dedicated substance misuse workers within every youth offending team (YOT) are able to assess the levels of need that individual offenders have, and either, refer on to other services or deliver some prevention/early intervention work within the YOT itself. There are additional programmes for young people in custody aimed at tackling existing use and preventing further use. In Scotland the Preventing Offending by Young People Framework focuses effort on young people between the ages of 8 and 16 and recognises the need to start prevention work earlier and sustain effort on the transition to adulthood. Ensuring a holistic response is used, where all factors, including any drug misuse are addressed in conjunction with other needs. Throughcare Addiction Service (TAS) provides continuity of care for those leaving custody who are not subject to statutory supervision and wish to go on to receive addiction services in the community. This is a national service provided through local authority groupings as the lead agency working alongside SPS, the Alcohol and Drug Partnerships and other stakeholders. The objective is that TAS achieves a seamless transition from substance misuse work undertaken during the custodial period through the immediate post-release period onto the provision of continuing substance misuse work in the community.

Limited provision

Looked After Children should receive a health assessment, including assessment for substance misuse annually. A number of areas prioritise looked after children in terms of prevention and early intervention services, however this is not mandated within national policy. In Scotland where children cannot stay with birth families due to substance abuse or other reasons Looked After Children (Scotland) Regulations 2009 have been introduced. These regulations give kinship carers of looked after children, a formal statutory basis with a range of responsibilities and duties of both the local authority and the carer to meet the needs of the looked after child.

Extensive provision

In England the UK Drugs Strategy 2008 (Protecting Families and Communities) Every Child Matters (DCFS 2004), Youth Matters (DCFS 2005) but not in Scotland or Northern Ireland. In Scotland, local authorities, police, health services and third sector organisations in each local Local Authority Area, work together as Community Learning and Development (CLD) Partnerships. Each CLD partnership is required to develop a Community Learning and Development Strategy that is relevant to the priorities and needs of their local area. Where drug misuse is identified as a problem, CLD partners are able to work with other agencies and community representatives to develop strategies using the CLD approach, i.e. that are relevant and centred on the needs and aspirations of the people involved in them. CLD work can effectively deliver drug education, diversionary work and support for communities.

Extensive provision

As set out in the Think Families programme and particularly the Family Intervention Projects above. Examples: Respect, Social Exclusion Unit, Families at risk report, Hidden Harm, Every Child Matters, Drugs Strategy. Few service examples available e.g. Families First, Strengthening Families Programme 10-14 in Wales. Getting it right for every child is the Scottish Government��s approach to working with all children and young people and has an acute focus on improving outcomes for children and concentrates on the individual needs and well-being of the child, and seeks to build an appropriate response to these needs and risks.

Rare provision

Not a UK concept in terms of drug policies

Limited provision

Though not explicitly mentioned in policy, the programmes described under Think Family target a broad range of complex needs. As the questionnaire is asking specifically for drug prevention programmes in this context this information has not been included as the focus is on supporting and strengthening the family and safeguarding rather than drug prevention per se.

Rare provision

Not within context of drug strategy. Addressed in wider social policies e.g. Think Family. Mentioned in NI policy.

Rare provision

No provision

High

Extensive provision

In England through the development of Targeted Youth Support (TYS) arrangements, schools are increasingly expected to work closely with local agencies and to identify young people early who may need additional support across a range of issues. The use of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) helps to ensure that children receive a holistic assessment of their need.

Low

Croatia

No information

Limited provision

It is important to keep in mind that legal drugs, alcohol and cigarettes, are illegal for youth under the age of 18 and sale of those products to children is banned (Law on limitation of use of tobacco products, Law on trade, Law on catering services). Ban on consumation of illegal drugs is regulated in The Law on Combating Drug Abuse.

Extensive provision

The law on restriction of tobacco products provides a total ban on consuming tobacco products in schools.

Full provision

According to National Strategy for Combating drug abuse 2006-2012 and Action Plan for Combating drug Abuse, commitment of the County to constitute County Commission for combating drug abuse is requested. The County Commission is a coordinating body which is obliged to create a County Action Plan and follow-up the implementation.

Extensive provision

Universal prevention programs are made at local community level, as multidisciplinary activities in which different sectors are included, and cooperation between sectors is mandated in National Strategy, Action Plan and National Prevention Program, as well as other national programs aiming to build an integrated prevention policy, like National Youth Program 2009-2013, National Plan of Activities for Rights and Interests of Children 2006-2012, National Strategy of prevention of behavioral disorders in youth and children 2009-2012, National Strategy for Protection Against Domestic Violence 2008-2010, Protocol About Procedure In Case Of Domestic Violence.

No information

Limited provision

In the National Program Of Addiction Prevention, the education of educators and mediators is listed as a priority, and in some Counties, such activities have already been implemented.

Limited provision

Based on National Program for Youth by Ministry of Family, Veteran Affairs and Intergenerational Solidarity.

Rare provision

In the Split �� Dalmatia County the GINKO project of preventive mobile units was carried out during September and October 2007, with the aim of distribution of preventive materials (leaflets, brochures) by a bus that travels around small places and islands in the county, in order to extend it to far and less connected places of the County. The project was a part of CARDS project, and it wasn't conducted after the CARDS was finished.

Full provision

These activities are mainly implemeted by NGOs, as well as schools and other relevant institutions on local level.

Low

Limited provision

Most often implemented by NGOs, but with financial aid from the Ministries responsible.

Rare provision

Office For Gender Equality of the Government of Croatia finances such projects, which are implemented by NGOs.

Rare provision

Office For Gender Equality of the Government of Croatia finances such projects, which are implemented by NGOs.

Full provision

Parent teacher meetings, theme based meetings for parents, parent councils in schools.

Limited provision

Implemented only in some counties

Full provision

The majority of such activities are organized by schools in cooperation with other institutions.

Limited provision

The procotol for drug testing has been adopted by Government Commission on December 15th 2005 . The document serves as a recommendation and does not have a binding purpose.

Full provision

International Day, Combating Addiction Month

Limited provision

The main objectives of these visits are to warn about social and penal consequences for consumation of drugs and to sensitize children for the contact with the police. The role of police is still not recognized in all environments. Lately, the police was identified as a relevant partner in implementation of prevention programs in many counties. Good example is the City of Zagreb and Zagreb police department cooperation on prevention programs Mah1 and Mah2.

Extensive provision

Most often lecturers are doctors and other mental health and addiction prevention service experts, school medicine services, family centers and NGOs

No provision

Drug preventin is not included in the obligatory curriculum, it is elaborated on in activities outside the obligatory classes.

Full provision

Subjects of addiction are integrated in regular and optional school programs, extra credit work and activities outside of obligatory classes. Teaching subjects about health and addictions are interdisciplinary linked with classes of scince, biology and health culture.

Low

Extensive provision

According to the Law on Social Care, Social Care Center implement measures of monitoring parent care of youth and children that are quitting school, especially if there are other behavioral disorders or problems within family present. An expert sent by the Social Care Center must visit, at least once a week, the family in question and provide them with appropriate psycho-social support and help. Also, a minor must often attend treatment and counselling sessions in the Center, and sometimes must also attend treatment at NGOs, educational institutions and professional counselling sessions.

Extensive provision

Prevention activities are conducted in primary schools in the area of the City of Zagreb and the Zagreb County, and they are organised and carried out by the professionals from the Home for Education of Children and Youth Zagreb. The professionals conduct the social-pedagogical work with the children included in regular primary school curriculum, and should eb prepared to notice any risk behaviour and social integration problems.

No provision

Within the social care system, experts work with immigrants on prevention of various risk behaviors, yet not specifically on addiction prevention.

Extensive provision

There is the National Program for Roma People, based on which numerous activites for prevention of risk behavior and addiction are implemented. Activities are most often handled by Social Care Centers and NGOs.

Limited provision

Full provision

Under the Jouvenile Court Act, in the course of pre-trial proceedings against a minor or younger adult, the State Attorney's Office might apply the principle of opportunity and in such a way impose a special obligation on a person to start the drug-free treatment and enter a youth counselling centre, either individually or as a member of a group. Also, the Social Welfare Centre might establish an educational measure of intensified care and supervision to minors and younger adults.

Limited provision

Within individual and group work programs in homes for children without adequate parent care, educational institutions and educational centers, activities of addiction prevention are implemented.

Rare provision

Within social and health care system, a special consideration is given to children and youth located on areas destroyed during the war.

Full provision

Addiciton prevention for parents in risk of addiction is implemented within Social Care and Family centers.

Extensive provision

Within National Employment Promotion Plan and Mutual Social Inclusion Memorandum, which is coordinated by Ministry of Health and Social Care, a number of measures are implemented, aiming towards unemployed parents and other vulnerable parent groups, like single parents, women victims of domestic violence, parent drug addicts, former convicts, families with many children, etc.

Full provision

Law on Family, Law on Protection From Domestic Violence, national Strategy for Protection Against Domestic Violence provide measures which are implemented by family centers, social care centers, police, courts, NGOs.

Extensive provision

According to the Law on Probation, probation officers make an individual program for released convicts, conduct monitoring over convict released on probation, and other affairs concerning probation.

Limited provision

Parents with mental problems, besides treatment in health care system, are often included in social care centers programmes in order to strenghten and increase their responsible parentship. Recently, in Croatia specific gambling prevention programs were developed, also within the health care system.

Limited provision

Prevention activities meant for this target population are provided by National Roma People Program, Law on Areas of Special State Care, law on Status of Exiles and Refugees.

Low

Extensive provision

Identification of risk by school counsellors and expert associates.

Low

Turkey

No information

Low

No information

Low

No information

Low

No information

Low

Norway

24.1

37.5

Extensive provision

Limited provision

Indoor environments are smoke free, regulated by law. Central health authorities have requested that school authorities ban tobacco use (both oral and smoking) in all outdoor school areas

Full provision

It is a priority in Norwegian National Action Plan on Alcohol and Drugs, target 4.5 "Better coordination of local preventive measures". In 2009, 409 municipalities (of 430) had either a alcohol or a holistic plan which covers the entire alcohol and drug field.

Full provision

Norwegian National Action Plan on Alcohol and Drugs, target 4: "More binding collaboration".

Extensive provision

Mainly part of National Youth policy in general

Extensive provision

Rererence to national youth policy in general.

Extensive provision

National Action Plan on Alcohol and Drugs, target 3 "More accesible services", sub-target 3.2 including "greater use of outreach services"

Full provision

This is a central part of National Youth Policy

Medium

No information

Limited provision

Rare provision

Full provision

Limited provision

Full provision

Often organized by NGOs and other agencies

Rare provision

This is not recommended as a part of the strategies for universal prevention in Norway, because of risk for stigma.

Extensive provision

Objectives of these visits are provision of information and police image change. The police has high legitimacy in the population and is active at the local level. The police has shifted their emphasis from deterrence to information and image change.

Extensive provision

Full provision

No information

Low

Extensive provision

This target is addressed in both health- and social policies

Full provision

The Directorate for Education and Training is responsible for this issue, but The Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion has been actively involved. It is also mentioned in the Directorate of Health's Guidelines for school based prevention. The regional centres of competency have developed Early Intervention projects.

Limited provision

There is emphasis on immigrants or individuals with an immigrant background, but no separate culture sensitive measures for these groups are in place (with the exception of focus on use and dealing of khat in Oslo in particular).

Limited provision

Extensive provision

Action plan for young offenders (Ministry of Justice and the Police). And guide 'From concern to action' (Directorate of health)

Extensive provision

The Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion is responsible for these institutions. Strenghtened this year through the Action plan on alcohol and drugs, with a priority on institutions for young people.

Extensive provision

The the large city strategy from the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion and the strategy on poverty tackle this specific target group.

Extensive provision

Priority in ongoing Action Plan on alcohol and drugs.

Limited provision

Extensive provision

The main emphasis is in the Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion, the Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs and the Directorate of Health. High risk parents/families are a target group in the early intervention strategy.

Extensive provision

Ministry of Justice/National Council for Crime Prevention action plan "gode krefter". Also involved in early intervention work.

Extensive provision

Children of parents with mental health problems and their parents are target groups for the early intervention strategy.

Limited provision

Low

Extensive provision

Low

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Page last updated: Tuesday, 20 November 2012

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