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Table EYE-10. Recent school surveys (2005–12): percentage lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use among students aged 15–16 years old
| Country | Year | Reference | Project | Sample size | Cannabis | Inhalants/volatile substances | Amphetamines | Ecstasy | LSD and other hallucinogens | Cocaine | Heroin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium (Flemish) | 2009/10 | (7) | VAD | 2072 | 24 | : | 3 | 3 | : | 3 | 1 | |
| Belgium (Flemish) | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1226 | 21 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Belgium (French speaking) | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1341 | 20 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Belgium (Flemish) | 2011 | ESPAD | 1798 | 24 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Bulgaria | 2011 | ESPAD | 2217 | 24 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Bulgaria | 2011 | : | 2244 | 21 | 4 | 6 | 4 | : | 3 | 2 | ||
| Czech Republic | 2011 | ESPAD | 3913 | 42 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Czech Republic | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1522 | 31 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Denmark | 2011 | ESPAD | 2181 | 18 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Denmark | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1226 | 15 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Germany | (2) | 2011 | ESPAD | 2796 | 19 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
| Germany | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1640 | 11 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Estonia | 2011 | ESPAD | 2460 | 24 | 15 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Estonia | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1398 | 22 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Ireland | 2011 | ESPAD | 2207 | 18 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Ireland | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1695 | 15 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Greece | 2011 | ESPAD | 5908 | 8 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Greece | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1648 | 7 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Spain | (1) | 2010 | (8) | PNSD | 17043 | 32 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Spain | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 2003 | 27 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| France | 2011 | ESPAD | 2572 | 39 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | ||
| France | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1906 | 27 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Italy | 2011 | ESPAD | 4837 | 21 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Italy | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1546 | 20 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Italy | 2012 | (6) | ESPAD Italy | 14115 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Cyprus | 2011 | ESPAD | 4243 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | ||
| Latvia | 2011 | ESPAD | 2622 | 24 | 23 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Latvia | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1375 | 25 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Lithuania | 2011 | ESPAD | 2476 | 20 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Lithuania | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1792 | 21 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Luxembourg | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1382 | 19 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Hungary | 2011 | ESPAD | 3063 | 19 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Hungary | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1733 | 14 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Malta | 2011 | ESPAD | 3377 | 10 | 14 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Netherlands | 2011 | ESPAD | : | 27 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Netherlands | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1457 | 21 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Netherlands | 2011 | : | 2592 | 26 | : | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Austria | (9) | 2007 | ESPAD | 2571 | 17 | 14 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
| Austria | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1820 | 14 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Poland | 2011 | ESPAD | 5933 | 23 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Poland | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1410 | 19 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Portugal | 2011 | ESPAD | 1965 | 16 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||
| Portugal | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1553 | 11 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Portugal | 2011 | : | 4149 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | ||
| Romania | 2011 | ESPAD | 2770 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Romania | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 2002 | 9 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Slovenia | 2011 | ESPAD | 3186 | 23 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Slovenia | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1815 | 23 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Slovakia | 2011 | ESPAD | 2009 | 27 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Slovakia | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1914 | 17 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Finland | 2011 | ESPAD | 3744 | 11 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Finland | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 2110 | 9 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Sweden | 2011 | (9) | CAN | 4632 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Sweden | 2011 | ESPAD | 2569 | 9 | 11 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| United Kingdom | (8) | 2011 | ESPAD | 1712 | 25 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | |
| United Kingdom (England) | (3)(4) | 2011 | (11) | NatCen/NFER | 1472 | 21 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| United Kingdom (England) | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1118 | 22 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| United Kingdom (Scotland) | (3)(4) | 2010 | (5) | Scottish Gov. | 17567 | 19 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| United Kingdom (Scotland) | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 2567 | 19 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| United Kingdom (N.Ireland) | (3) | 2010 | (1) | : | 1247 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| United Kingdom (Wales) | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1637 | 22 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Croatia | 2011 | ESPAD | 3002 | 18 | 28 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Croatia | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 2424 | 13 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| Turkey | (2) | 2003 | ESPAD | 4177 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Norway | 2011 | ESPAD | 2938 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Norway | 2009/10 | HBSC(WHO) | 1339 | 6 | : | : | : | : | : | : | ||
| United States of America | (6)(7) | 2010 | (1) | NIDA | 15600 | 33 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
Notes:
This table presents data on 15- to 16-year-old school students obtained from national surveys. The surveys for Belgium (Flemish ) is the Flemish region only, and the Germany and Turkish ESPAD is limited to the regions specified in the following notes. In all of the school surveys, the method for data collection was classroom-based, anonymous, self-completion questionnaires in written test conditions.
Caution is required comparing figures due to methodological limitations. For methods and definitions, see Methods and definitions: youth and the schools population.
ESPAD (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs) is coordinated by the Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN) and the Council of Europe (Pompidou Group). ESPAD prevalence figures are taken from published ESPAD reports and may differ sometimes from those reported directly by Member States. The sample sizes given refer to the number of participating 15- to 16-year-old students who filled in the questionnaire.
(1) ESPAD methods are adopted to varying degrees.
(2) ESPAD 2011 Germany figures are based in only five out of sixteen federal states (Bundesländer). ESPAD 2011 Belgium figures are based on Flanders only. ESPAD 2003 Turkey figures are based on one major city in each of six different regions (Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Istanbul, Izmir and Samsun).
(3) The sample size given for these surveys is for a wider age range than 15 to 16 years.
(4) Only 15-year-old students are included in United Kingdom ONS and Scottish Executive school surveys.
(5) To be interpreted with caution as sample size is small and private and vocational schools are excluded.
(6) Inhalants are adjusted for under-reporting of butyl nitrites.
(7) Amphetamines includes only drug use not under a doctor's order.
(8) ESPAD 2007 data for the UK has limited comparability.
(9) The prevalence rate of amphetamine use in Austria has to be interpreted very cautiously because there are problems with data quality. A validation study found out, that the pupils mixed up amphetamines with energy drinks in several cases.
See also 'General notes for interpreting data' on the Explanatory notes and help page.
Sources:
See Table EYE-0 for further information on sources.
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), International Coordinating Centre, Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit (CAHRU) School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, ST ANDREWS, Fife KY16 9TF HBSC