Publications database | www.emcdda.europa.eu

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Cannabis policy news: status and recent developments (topic overview)

Under international laws, cultivation, supply and possession of cannabis should be allowed only for ‘medical and scientific purposes’. In general, possession of the drug for personal use should be a crime, to deter use, and most countries make this punishable by imprisonment. In recent years,...

Topic overviews

Take-home naloxone (topic overview)

Drug overdose continues to be the main cause of death among problem drug users. Heroin or other opioids — often consumed alongside other central nervous system depressants such as benzodiazepines and alcohol — are present in the majority of reported fatal overdoses. Overdose is common among opioid...

Topic overviews

Frequently asked questions (FAQ): drug overdose deaths in Europe (topic overview)

These pages provide an update on drug-related deaths in Europe, presenting and analysing the latest data on and trends in drug-induced deaths in the European Union, Norway and Turkey. They draw on contributions from specialists from these countries, as well as on information provided by European...

Topic overviews

Prevention of drug-related deaths – topic overview

This publication describes some of the factors that increase the risk of fatal and non-fatal overdoses and a number of interventions developed to prevent these events. Worldwide, overdose is the leading cause of avoidable death among people who inject drugs. It accounts for nearly half of all...

Topic overviews

Hepatitis C: models of care for drug services in Europe (topic overview)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has a high prevalence in people who inject drugs (PWID) in Europe. However, currently HCV infection is both preventable and curable. The importance of targeting PWID as a key population for the elimination of hepatitis C in Europe and promoting their access to...

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Topic overviews

Penalties for drug law offences in Europe at a glance

This tool lets you examine and compare the penalties or rehabilitative responses for the core offences of drug use, possession for personal use, and supply-related offences, across countries in Europe. It also allows you to see how the laws vary those penalties according to the type or quantity of...

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Topic overviews

Frequently asked questions (FAQ): wastewater-based epidemiology and drugs

This list of frequently asked questions (FAQ) answers some of the common questions on the background, use, application and interpretation of wastewater-based epidemiology. Wastewater analysis is a rapidly developing scientific discipline with potential for monitoring real-time data on...

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Topic overviews

EU Early Warning System on NPS

This page describes the work and main outputs of the EU Early Warning System on new psychoactive substances. It includes a description of how the system work, an historical timeline of legislation and substances investigated, and NPS drug profiles.

Topic overviews

Viral hepatitis policies in Europe (topic overview)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common infectious disease in people who inject drugs, among whom it is usually transmitted through the sharing of syringes and other drug use equipment. Most of those who become infected go on to develop chronic HCV infection, which can lead to severe...

Topic overviews

Drug policy evaluation (topic overview)

Evaluation is essential for effective policymaking, helping ensure that policies and programmes have the desired effect, provide value for money and do not have negative unintended consequences. The importance of evaluation has been recognised in all EU drug strategies and in the strategies of many...

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Topic overviews

Legal approaches to drugs and driving topic overview

Drug use can reduce the ability to drive a motor vehicle safely on the public road. European countries have developed various legal mechanisms to address this issue, using laws on road traffic or on drug control. This topic overview briefly describes the national laws in EU Member States and Norway...

Topic overviews

Threshold quantities for drug offences (topic overview)

This Topic overview aims to summarise the information and simplify comparison between quantity limits for possession and supply offences involving the four most common drugs. Separate tables are given: quantities established for personal possession offences and quantities established for supply...

Topic overviews

Classification of controlled drugs (topic overview)

EU Member States classify drugs and precursors according to the three UN Conventions of 1961, 1971 and 1988 (abbreviated below to UN61, UN71 and UN88), controlling and supervising their legitimate scientific or medical use while taking into account the particular risks to public or individual...

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