Publications database | www.emcdda.europa.eu

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Wastewater POD's cover

Perspectives on Drugs (PODs)

Wastewater analysis and drugs — a European multi-city study (Perspectives on drugs)

The findings of the largest European project to date in the emerging science of wastewater analysis are taken up in this ‘Perspective on drugs’. The project in question analysed wastewater in 82 European cities and towns to explore the drug-taking habits of those who live in them. The results...

cover image of report drug-related deaths and mortality in Europe update from the EMCDDA expert network

Technical reports

Drug-related deaths and mortality in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network

This report provides an update on drug-related deaths in Europe based primarily on presentations and discussions held at the 2019 meeting of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) expert network on drug-related deaths. The meeting brought together experts and...

cover of report Exploring drug supply, associated violence and exploitation of vulnerable groups in Denmark

Technical reports

Exploring drug supply, associated violence and exploitation of vulnerable groups in Denmark

This report provides an analysis of current drug supply models and the related violence and exploitation of vulnerable groups in Denmark. Recent years have seen a growth in criminals’ exploitation of vulnerable groups for drug-related crimes. This development appears to be driven by several...

cover of report Impact of COVID-19 on drug markets, use, harms and drug services in the community and prisons

Ad hoc publication

Impact of COVID-19 on drug markets, use, harms and drug services in the community and prisons

Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on the way we live, with European countries having to introduce unprecedented measures to protect public health. As with all areas of life, drug consumption, related harms and drug markets have been impacted, as have the services...

cover of EU4MD special report – Methamphetamine developments in South Asia: the situation in Iran and the implications for the EU and its neighbours

Ad hoc publication

Methamphetamine developments in South Asia: the situation in Iran and the implications for the EU and its neighbours — EU4MD special report

Iran is a key transhipment point for illicit drugs along the Balkan and Southern trafficking routes and this report examines the threats posed by its potential emergence as a transhipment point for Afghan methamphetamine (‘shisheh’). The study is based on interviews with Iranian drug treatment...

Topic overviews

Drug policy evaluation (topic overview)

Evaluation is essential for effective policymaking, helping ensure that policies and programmes have the desired effect, provide value for money and do not have negative unintended consequences. The importance of evaluation has been recognised in all EU drug strategies and in the strategies of many...

cover report 4F-MDMB-BICA

Risk assessments

Risk assessment report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 2-{[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dime- thylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BICA) in accordance with Article 5c of Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006 (as amended)

This risk assessment report presents the summary findings and the conclusion of the risk assessment carried out by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on 4F-MDMB-BICA. The report is intended for policymakers and decision-makers in the institutions of the EU. Explanatory note: In the interests...

cover risk assessment MDMB-4en-PINACA

Risk assessments

Risk Assessment Report on a new psychoactive substance: methyl 3,3-dimethyl-2-{[1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-car- bonyl]amino}butanoate (MDMB-4en-PINACA) in accordance with Article 5c of Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006 (as amended)

This risk assessment report presents the summary findings and the conclusion of the risk assessment carried out by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on MDMB-4en- PINACA. The report is intended for policymakers and decision-makers in the institutions of the EU. Explanatory note: In the...

cover EMCDDA trendspotter briefing March 2021 Impact of COVID-19 on drug use and drug services in Western Balkans

Ad hoc publication

EMCDDA trendspotter briefing: Impact of COVID-19 on drug use and drug services in Western Balkans

The Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) registered the main waves of COVID-19 infections later than most of the EU countries, but containment strategies were implemented at the same time and with equal force as in the rest of Europe....

cover of European Syringe Collection and Analysis Enterprise – Generic Protocol

Technical reports

European Syringe Collection and Analysis Enterprise (ESCAPE) – generic protocol

This protocol documents a new approach that has been developed to monitor substances injected by people who inject drugs through analytically confirmed data at the local level: the analysis of residual content of used syringes. Used syringes contain traces of drugs that can be analysed to inform...

Technical reports

An analysis of drugs in used syringes from sentinel European cities: results from the ESCAPE project, 2018 and 2019

This report presents new findings from the ESCAPE (European Syringe Collection and Analysis Project Enterprise) network, based on the chemical analysis of the contents of used syringes across sentinel sites in Europe. Syringes were collected in 2018 and 2019 from the bins of street automatic...

Work programmes and strategies

Single programming document 2021–2023

The new Single programming document sets out the EMCDDA’s activities for the period 2021–2023, marking the start of a new five-year roadmap under Strategy 2025. At the heart of the agency’s work in 2021 will be the development of a new business model, which places customers and digital...

cover of publiatoin title reads: balancing access to opioid substitution treatment with preventing the diversion of opioid substitution medications in Europe: challenges and implications

Technical reports

Balancing access to opioid substitution treatment (OST) with preventing the diversion of opioid substitution medications in Europe: challenges and implications

This report reviews how opioid substitution treatment (OST) is implemented in European countries and examines the public health consequences of the diversion and misuse of prescription OST medications. It looks at how OST medications are diverted to the illicit market, the motivations behind...

Cover page of risk assessment guidelines

Manuals and guidelines

EMCDDA operating guidelines for the risk assessment of new psychoactive substances

The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure compliance with the scope and requirements of Regulation (EC) No 1920/2006 (as amended) and Council Framework Decision 2004/757/JHA (as amended) in respect to the risk assessment procedure for and reporting on new psychoactive substances. To...

Cover page of the trendspotter briefing

Ad hoc publication

Impact of COVID-19 on drug markets, drug use, drug-related harms and responses in south European Neighbourhood Policy countries

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been experiencing an unprecedented public health emergency caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has led to progressive introduction of social distancing and other control measures by national governments. To investigate the effects...

Publication cover: Low-THC cannabis products in Europe / December 2020

Ad hoc publication

Low-THC cannabis products in Europe

An increase in the open sale of cannabis products in Europe has raised questions around the possible legal and commercial status of these products. The products are marketed for their low THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) content, which sellers claim exempt them from control by drug laws, or as sources of...

Technical reports

EMCDDA technical report on the new psychoactive substance methyl 3,3-dimethyl-2-{[1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino}butanoate (MDMB-4en-PINACA)

The purpose of this technical report is to provide an analysis of the available information on methyl 3,3-dimethyl-2-{[1-(pent-4-en-1-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino}butanoate (commonly known as MDMB-4en-PINACA), a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that has recently emerged on the drug market...

Technical reports

EMCDDA technical report on the new psychoactive substance methyl 2-{[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BICA)

The purpose of this technical report is to provide an analysis of the available information on methyl 2-{[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (commonly known as 4F-MDMB-BICA), a synthetic receptor cannabinoid agonist that has recently emerged on the drug market in...

Publication cover

Rapid communication

New psychoactive substances: global markets, glocal threats and the COVID-19 pandemic — an update from the EU Early Warning System

In this update from the the EU Early Warning System aims to provide insights into what is happening with new psychoactive substances in Europe, based on data from the agency’s early warning and risk-assessment activities. The report covers the period until October 2020 and this year focuses on...

screenshot of meeting's webpage

Conference proceedings

Meeting report – Expert meeting on drug-related infectious diseases (DRID) 2020

This meeting report provides an overview of the content of the DRID meeting that took place online on 22-23 October 2020, focusing on: the direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 on drug users and harm reduction services involved in HIV, hepatitis and STI prevention, care and treatment; an...

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