Evidence of efficacy: references

Review of reviews (selective and universal prevention)

Secondary level research (selective and univeral prevention)

Selective prevention

Roe, E., Becker, J. (2005), 'Drug prevention with vulnerable young people: a review', Drugs: education, prevention and policy', 12 (2), pp. 85-99.

Sussman, S. et al. (2004), 'The Motivation, Skills, and Decision-Making Model of ‘‘Drug Abuse’’ Prevention', Substance Use & Misuse, 39, (10–12), pp. 1971–2016.

Kumpfer K.L.et al. (2003), 'Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention', Substance Use and Misuse, 38(11-13), pp. 1759-87.

Toumbourou, J. W.; Stockwell, T.; Neighbors, C.; Marlatt, G. A.; Sturge, J. & Rehm, J. (2007), 'Interventions to reduce harm associated with adolescent substance use.', Lancet 369(9570), 1391-1401.

Primary level research (selective and univeral prevention)

Selective prevention

Cho, H.et al. (2005), 'Evaluation of a high school peer group intervention for at-risk youth', Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33 (3),pp.363-7.

Springer J. F. et al. (2004), 'Characteristics of Effective Substance Abuse Prevention Programs for High-Risk Youth', The Journal of Primary Prevention, 25 (2) , pp. 171-219.

blah blah blah

Reviews of reviews (pharmacological and psychological treatment)

Schulte, B., Thane, K., Rehm, J., et al. (2007) ‘Review of the efficacy of drug treatment interventions in Europe’, Final report WP 1 of project SANCO/2006/C4/02 on ‘Drug policy and harm reduction’ for the European Commission.

Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M (2009), ‘Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,  Issue 1. Art. No.: CD002209, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002209.pub2.

References to studies included in Mattick et al. (2009):

Dole, V., Robinson, J. and Orraca, J. (1969) ‘Methadone treatment of randomly selected criminal addicts’, The New England Journal of Medicine 280, pp. 1372–5.

Gunne, L. and Gronbladh, L. (1981) ‘The Swedish methadone maintenance program: a controlled study’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 7, pp. 249–56.

Newman, R. and Whitehill, W. (1979) ‘Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong’, Lancet 8 September, 485–8.

Strain, E., Stitzer, M., Leibson, I. and Bigelow, G. (1993) ‘Dose-response effects of methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence’, Annals of Internal Medicine 119, pp. 23–7.

Vanichseni, S. and Wongsuwan, B. (1991) ‘The staff of BMA Narcotics Clinic No.6, Choopanya K, Wongpanich K.A controlled trial of methadone in a population of intravenous drug users in Bangkok: implications for prevention of HIV’, International Journal of the Addictions 26 (12), pp. 1313–20.

Yancovitz, S., Des Jarlais, D., Peskoe Peyser, N., et al. (1991) ‘A randomised trial of an interim methadone maintenance clinic’, American Journal of Public Health 81, pp. 1185–91.

Amato, L., Minozzi, S., Davoli, M. et al. (2008) ‘Psychosocial combined with agonist maintenance treatments versus agonist maintenance treatments alone for treatment of opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, Art. No.: CD004147, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004147.pub3.

References to studies included in Amato et al. (2008):

Abbott, P.J. ,Moore, B., Delaney, H. and Weller, S. (1999) ‘Retrospective analyses of

additional services for methadone maintenance patients’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 17 (1–2), pp. 129–37.

Abbott, P.J., Weller, S.B., Delaney, H.D. and Moore, B.A. (1998) ‘Community reinforcement approach in the treatment of opiate addicts’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 24 (1), pp. 17–30.

Abrahms, J.L. (1979) ‘A cognitive-behavioural versus nondirective group treatment program for opioid addicted persons: an adjunct to methadone maintenance’, International Journal of Addictions 14 (4), pp. 503–11.

Avants, S.K., Margolin, A., Usubiaga, M.H. and Doebrick, C. (2004) ‘Targeting HIV related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomised clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 26 (2), pp. 67–78.

Brooner, R.K., Kidorf, M.S., King, V.L., et al. (2004) ‘Behavioral contingencies improve counselling attendance in an adaptive treatment model’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27 (3), pp. 223–32.

Chawarski, M.C., Mazlan, M. and Schottenfeld, R.S. (2008) ‘Behavioral drug and HIV risk reduction counselling (BDRC) with abstinence-contingent take-home buprenorphine: a pilot randomised clinical trial’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 94 (1–3), pp. 281–4.

Fiellin, D.A., Pantalon, M.V., Chawarski, M.C., et al. (2006) ‘Counselling plus buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance therapy for opioid dependence’, The New England Journal of Medicine 355, pp. 365–74.

Gross, A., Marsh, L.A., Badger, G.J. and Bickel, W.K. (2006) ‘A comparison between low magnitude voucher and buprenorphine medication contingencies in promoting abstinence form opioids and cocaine’, Environmental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 14 (2) pp. 148–56.

Hayes, S.C. ,Wilson, K.G., Gifford, E.V., et al. (2004) ‘A preliminary report of twelve step facilitation and acceptance and commitment therapy with polysubstance abusing methadone maintained opiate addicts’, Behavior Therapy 35 (4) pp. 667–88.

Iguchi, M.Y., Belding, M.A., Morral, A.R., Lamb, R.J. and Husband, S.D. (1997) ‘Reinforcing operants other than abstinence in drug abuse treatment: an effective alternative for reducing drug use’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 (3) pp. 421–8.

Khatami, M.,Woody, G., O’Brien, C. and Mintz, J. (1982) ‘Biofeedback treatment of narcotic addiction: a double blind study’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 9, pp. 111–17.

Kosten, T., Oliveto, A., Feingold, A., et al. (2003) ‘Desipramine and contingency management for cocaine and opiate dependence in buprenorphine maintained patients’,  Drug and Alcohol Dependence 70 (3), pp. 315–25.

Kosten, T., Poling, J. and Oliveto, A. (2003) ‘Effects of reducing contingency management values on heroin and cocaine use for buprenorphine- and desipramine-treated patients’, Addiction 98 (5), pp. 665–71.

Kraft, M.K., Rothbard, A.B., Hadley, T.R., McLellan, A.T. and Asch, D.A. (1997) ‘Are supplementary services provided during methadone maintenance really cost-effective?’ American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (9), pp. 1214–19.

Luthar, S.S., Suchman, N.E. and Altomare, M. (2000) ‘Relational psychotherapy mothers’ group: a randomised clinical trial for substance abusing mothers’, Development and Psychopathology 19 (1) pp. 243–61.

Magura, S., Blankertz, L., Madison, E.M., Friedman, E. and Gomez, A. (2007) ‘An innovative job placement model for unemployed methadone patients: a randomised clinical trial’, Substance Use and Misuse 42 (5) pp. 811–28.

McLellan 1993 ‘Editorial: progress in the science of addiction’, American Journal of Psychiatry 1997 154 (9), pp. 1195–7.

McLellan, A.T., Arndt, I.O., Metzger, D.S., Woody, G.E. and O’Brien, C.P. (1993) ‘The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment’, JAMA 269 (15), pp. 1953–9.

Milby, J.B., Garrett, C., English, C., Fritschi, O. and Clarke, C. (1978) ‘Take-home methadone: contingency effects on drug-seeking and productivity of narcotic addicts’, Addictive Behaviours 3 pp. 215–30.

Neufeld, K.J., Kidorf, M.S., Kolodner, K., et al. (2008) ‘A behavioral treatment for opioid-dependent patients with antisocial personality’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 34 (1), pp. 101–11.

Oliveto, A., Poling, J., Sevarino, K.A., et al. (2005) ‘Efficacy of dose and contingency management procedure in LAAM-maintained cocaine dependent patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 79 (2), pp. 157–65.

Peirce, J.M., Petry, N.M., Stitzer, M.L., et al. (2006) ‘Effects of lower-cost incentives on stimulant abstinence in methadone maintenance treatment: a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study’, Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (2), pp. 201–8.

Petry, N.M. and Martin, B. (2005) ‘Prize reinforcement contingency management for cocaine dependence: integration with group therapy in a methadone clinic’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73 (2), pp. 354–9.

Petry, N.M., Alessi, S.M., Hanson, T. and Sierra, S. (2007) ‘Randomized trial of contingent prizes versus vouchers in cocaine using methadone patients’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (6), pp. 983–91.

Petry, N.M., Martin, B. and Simcic, F. (2005) ‘Prize reinforcement contingency management for cocaine dependence: integration with group therapy in a methadone clinic’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73 (2), pp. 354–9.

Preston, K.L., Umbricht, A. and Epstein, D.H. (2000) ‘Methadone dose increase and abstinence reinforcement for treatment of continued heroin use during methadone maintenance’, Archives of General Psychiatry 57 (4), pp. 395–404.

Preston, K.L., Umbricht, A. and Epstein, D.H. (2002) ‘Abstinence reinforcement maintenance contingency and one-year follow-up’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 67 pp. 125–37.

Rounsaville, B.J., Glazer, W., Wilber, C.H., Weissman, M.M. and Kleber, H.D. (1983) ‘Short-term interpersonal psychotherapy in methadone-maintained opiate addicts’, Archives of General Psychiatry 40 (6), pp. 629–36.

Scherbaum, N., Kluwig, J., Specka, M., et al. (2005) ‘Group psychotherapy for opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment: a controlled trial’, European Addiction Research 11 (4), pp. 163–71.

Silverman, K., Robles, E., Mudric, T., Bigelow, G.E. and Stitzer, M.L. (2004) ‘A randomised trial of long term reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in methadone maintained patients who injected drugs’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (5), pp. 839–54.

Stitzer, M.L., Iguchi, M.Y. and Felch, L.J. (1992) ‘Contingent take-home incentive: effects on drug use of methadone maintenance patients’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60 (6), pp. 927–34.

Thornton, P.I., Igleheart, H.C. and Silverman, L.H. (1987) ‘Subliminal stimulation of symbiotic fantasies as an aid in the treatment of drug abusers’, The International Journal of Addictions 22 (8), pp. 751–65.

Woody, G.E., Luborsky, L., McLellan, A.T., et al. (1983) ‘Psychotherapy for opiate addicts: does it help?’ Archives of General Psychiatry 40 (6), pp. 639–45.

Woody, G.E., McLellan, A.T. , Luborsky, L. and O’Brien, C.P. (1985) Sociopathy and psychotherapy outcome’, Archives General of Psychiatry 42 1081–6.

Woody, G.E., McLellan, A.T., Luborsky, L. and O’ Brien, C.P. (1987) ‘Twelve-month follow-up of psychotherapy for opiate dependence’, American Journal of Psychiatry 144 (5), pp. 590–6.

Woody, G.E., McLellan, A.T., Luborsky, L. and O’ Brien, C.P. (1995) ‘Psychotherapy in community methadone programs: a validation study’, American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (9), pp. 1302–8.

Woody, G.E., McLellan, A.T., Luborsky, L., et al. (1984) ‘Severity of psychiatric symptoms as a predictor of benefits from psychotherapy: the Veterans Administration-Penn Study’, American Journal of Psychiatry 141 (10), pp. 1172–7.

Faggiano, F., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Versino, E. and Lemma, P. (2003) ‘Methadone maintenance at different dosages for opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, Art. No. CD002208, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002208.

References to studies included in Faggiano et al. (2003):

Caplehorn, J.R.M. and Bell, J. (1991) ‘Methadone dosage and retention of patients in maintenance treatment’, Medical Journal of Australia 154, pp. 195–9.

Caplehorn, J.R.M. and Bell, J. (1993) ‘Correction of error: methadone dosage and retention of patients in maintenance treatment’, Medical Journal of Australia 159, pp. 640.

Caplehorn, J.R.M., Dalton, M.S.Y.N., Cluff, M.C. and Petrenas, A.M. (1994) ‘Retention in methadone maintenance and heroin addicts’ risk of death’, Addiction 89, pp. 203–7.

Caplehorn, J.R.M., Irwig, L. and Saunders, J.B. (1996) ‘Physicians’ attitudes and retention of patients in their methadone maintenance programs’, Substance Use and Misuse 31 (6), pp. 663–77.

Del Rio, M., Mino, A. and Perneger, T.V. (1997) ‘Predictors of patient retention in a newly established methadone maintenance treatment programme,’ Addiction 92 (10), pp. 1353–60.

D’Ippoliti, D., Davoli, M., Perucci, C.A., Pasqualini, F. and Bargagli, A.M. (1998) ‘Retention in treatment of heroin users in Italy: the role of treatment type and of methadone maintenance dosage’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 52, pp. 167–71.

Gaughwin, M., Solomon, P. and Ali, R. (1998) ‘Correlates of retention on the South Australian Methadone Program 1981–91’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 22 (7), pp. 771–6.

Goldstein, A. and Judson, B.A. (1973) Efficacy and side effects of three widely different methadone doses, Proc Natl Conf Methadone Treat  1, pp. 21–44.

Gossop, M., Marsden, J., Stewart, D. and Treacy, S. (2001) Outcomes after methadone maintenance and methadone reduction treatments: two-year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study’, Drug Alcohol Dependence 62, pp. 255–64.

Grabowski, J., Rhoades, H., Elk, R., Schmitz, J. and Creson, D. (1993) ‘Methadone dosage, cocaine and opiate abuse’. American Journal of Psychiatry 150 (4), p. 675.

Johnson, R.E. and Fudala, P.J. (1992) ‘Background and design of a controlled clinical trial (ARC 090) for the treatment of opioid dependence’, NIDA Research Monograph 128, pp. 14–24.

Johnson, R.E., Chutuape, M.A., Strain, E.C., et al. (2000) ‘A comparison of levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine and methadone for opiod dependence’, The New England Journal of Medicine 343, pp. 1290–7.

Johnson, R.E., Jaffe, J.H. and Fudala, P.J. (1992) ‘A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence’, JAMA 267 (20), pp. 2750–5.

Kosten, T.R., Schottenfeld, R., Ziedonis, D. and Falcioni, J. (1993) ‘Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181 (6), pp. 358–64.

Ling, W., Charuvastra, V.C., Kaim, S.C. and Klett, C.J. (1976) ‘Methadyl acetate and methadone as maintenance treatments for heroin addicts’, Archives of General Psychiatry 33, pp. 709–20.

Ling, W., Wesson, D.R., Charuvastra, C. and Klett, C.J. (1996) ‘A controlled trial comparing buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in opioid dependence’, Archives of General Psychiatry 53, pp. 401–7.

Maddux, J.F., Prihoda, T.J. and Vogtsberger, K.N. (1997) ‘The relationship of methadone dose and other variables to outcomes of methadone maintenance, American Journal on Addictions 6 (3), pp. 246–55.

Oliveto, A.H., Kosten, T.R., Schottenfeld, R., Ziedonis, D. and Falcioni, J. (1994) ‘Cocaine use in buprenorphine vs methadone-maintained patients’, American Journal on Addictions 3 (1), pp. 43–8.

Preston, K.L., Umbricht, A. and Epstein, D.H. (2000) ‘Methadone dose increase and abstinence reinforcement for treatment of continued heroin use during methadone maintenance’, Archives of General Psychiatry 57, pp. 395–404.

Rhoades, H.M., Creson, D., Ronith, E., Schmitz, J. and Grabowski, J. (1998) ‘Retention, HIV risk, and illicit drug use during treatment: methadone dose and visit frequency’, American Journal of Public Health 88 (1), pp. 34–9.

Schottenfeld, R.S., Pakes, J.R. and Kosten, T.R. (1998) ‘Prognostic factors in buprenorphine versus methadone maintained patients’, Journal of

Nervous and Mental Disease 186 (1), pp. 35–43.

Schottenfeld, R.S., Pakes, J.R., Oliveto, A., Ziedonis, D. and Kosten, T.R. (1997) ‘Buprenorphine vs Methadone maintenance treatment for concurrent opioid dependence and cocaine abuse’, Archives of General Psychiatry 54, pp. 713–20.

Strain, E.C., Bigelow, G.E., Liebson, I.A. and Stitzer, M.L. (1999) ‘Moderate- vs high-dose methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: a randomised trial’, JAMA 281 (11), pp. 1000–5.

Strain, E.C., Stitzer, M.L., Liebson, I.A. and Bigelow, G.E. (1993) ‘Dose-response effects of methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence’, Annals of

Internal Medicine 119, pp. 23–7.

Torrens, M., Castillo, C. and Pérez-Solà, V. (1996) ‘Retention in a low-threshold methadone maintenance program’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 41, pp. 55–9.

Van Ameijden, E.J.C., Langendam, M.W. and Coutinho, R.A. (1999) ‘Dose-effect relationship between overdose mortality and prescribed methadone dosage in low-threshold maintenance programs’, Addictive Behaviors 24 (4), pp. 559–63.

Mattick, R.P., Kimber, J., Breen, C. and Davoli, M. (2008) ‘Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No. CD002207, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub3.

References to studies included in Mattick et al. (2008):

Ahmadi, J. (2002) ‘A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opium dependence: the first experience from Iran’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66, pp. 111–14.

Ahmadi, J. (2003) ‘Methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance for the treatment of heroin-dependent outpatients’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 24, pp. 217–20.

Ahmadi, J., Ahmadi, K. and Ohaeri, J. (2003) ‘Controlled, randomised trial in maintenance treatment of intravenous buprenorphine dependence with naltrexone, methadone or buprenorphine: a novel study’, European Journal of Clinical Investigation 33, pp. 824–9.

Ahmadi, J., Babaee-Beigi, M., Alishahi, M., Maany, I. and Hidari, T. (2004) Twelvemonth maintenance treatment of opium-dependent patients’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 26, pp. 61–4.

Fischer, G., Gombas, W., Eder, H., et al. (1999) ‘Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for the treatment of opioid dependence’, Addiction 94, pp. 1337–47.

Fudala, P.J., Bridge, T.P., Herbert, S., et al. (2003) ‘Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone’, The New England Journal of Medicine 349, pp. 949–58.

Johnson, R., Jaffe, J. and Fudala, P. (1992) ‘A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence’, JAMA 267, pp. 2750–5. [MEDLINE: 1992251936]

Johnson, R.E., Chutuape, M.A., Strain, E.C., et al. (2000) ‘A comparison of levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine and methadone for opioid dependence’, The New England Journal of Medicine 343, 1290–7.

Johnson, R.E., Eissenberg, T., Stitzer, M., et al. (1995) ‘Placebo controlled trial of buprenorphine as a treatment for opioid dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 40, pp. 17–25.

Kakko, J., Svanborg, K.D., Kreek, M.J. and Heilig,(2003) ‘1-year retention and social function after buprenorphine-assisted relapse prevention treatment for heroin dependence in Sweden: A randomised, placebo controlled trial’, Lancet 361, pp. 662–8.

Kosten, T., Schottenfeld, R., Ziedonis, D. and Falcioni, J. (1993) ‘Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181, pp. 358–64. [MEDLINE: 1993274288]

Krook, A.L., Brors, O., Dahlberg, J., et al. (2002) ‘A placebo-controlled study of high dose buprenorphine in opiate dependents waiting for medication-assisted rehabilitation in Oslo, Norway’, Addiction 97, pp. 533–42.

Ling, W., Charuvastra, C., Collins, J.F., et al. (1998) ‘Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: a multicenter, randomised clinical trial’, Addiction 93, pp. 475–86.

Ling, W., Wesson, D., Charuvastra, C. and Klett, J. (1996) ‘A controlled trial comparing buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in opioid dependence’, Archives of General Psychiatry 53, pp. 401–7. [MEDLINE: 1996212784]

Lintzeris, N., Ritter, A., Panjari, M., et al. (2004) ‘Implementing buprenorphine treatment in community settings in Australia: experiences from the buprenorphine implementation trial’, American Journal on Addictions 13, S29–S41.

Lott, D.C., Strain, E.C., Brooner, R.K., Bigelow,G.E. and Johnson, R.E. (2006) ‘HIV risk behaviours during pharmacologic treatment for opioid dependence: a comparison of levomethadyl acetate hydrocholoride, buprenorphine, and methadone’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 31, pp. 187–94.

Mattick, R.P., Ali, R., White, J., et al. (2003) ‘Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: A randomised double-blind with 405 opioid-dependent patients’, Addiction 98, pp. 441–52.

Neri, S., Bruno, C.M., Pulvirenti, D., et al. (2005) ‘Randomised clinical trial to compare the effects of methadone and buprenorphine on the immune system in drug abusers’, Psychopharmacology 179, pp. 700–4.

Oliveto, A.H., Feingold, A., Schottenfeld, R., Jatlow, P. and Kosten, T.R. (1999) ‘Desipramine in opioid-dependent cocaine abusers maintained on methadone or buprenorphine’, Archives of General Psychiatry 56, pp. 812–20.

Pani, P.P., Maremmani, I., Pirastu, R., Tagliamonte, A. and Gessa, G.L. (2000) ‘Buprenorphine: a controlled trial in the treatment of opioid dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60, pp. 39–50.

Petitjean, S., Stohler, R., Deglon, J.J., et al. (2001) ‘Double-blind randomised trial of buprenorphine and methadone in opiate dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 62, pp. 97–104.

Schottenfeld, R., Chawarski, M., Pakes, J., et al. (2005) ‘Methadone versus buprenorphine with contingency management or performance feedback for cocaine and opioid dependence’, American Journal of Psychiatry 162, pp. 340–9.

Schottenfeld, R., Pakes, J., Oliveto, A., Ziedonis, D. and Kosten, T. (1997) ‘Buprenorphine vs methadone maintenance treatment for concurrent opioid dependence and cocaine abuse’, Archives of General Psychiatry 54, pp. 713–20. [MEDLINE: 1997429160]

Strain, E., Stitzer, M., Liebson, I. and Bigelow, G. (1994) ‘Buprenorphine versus methadone in the treatment of opioid dependent cocaine users’, Psychopharmacology 1994;116:401–6. [MEDLINE: 1995215552]

Strain, E., Stitzer, M., Liebson, I. and Bigelow, G. (1994) ‘Comparison of buprenorphine

and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence’, American Journal of Psychiatry 151, pp. 1025–30. [MEDLINE: 1994279720]

Ferri, M.M.F., Davoli, M. and Perucci, C.A.A. (2005) ‘Heroin maintenance for chronic heroin dependents’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No. CD003410, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003410.pub2.

References to studies included in Ferri et al. (2005):

Hartnoll, R.L. (1980) ‘Evaluation of heroin maintenance in controlled trial’, Archives of General Psychiatry 37, pp. 877–84.

Perneger, T.V., Giner, F., del Rio, M. and Mino, A. (1998) ‘Randomised trial of heroin maintenance programme for addicts who fail in conventional drug treatments, British Medical Journal 317 (7150), pp. 13–18.

Van den Brink, W., Hendriks, V.M. and Van Ree, J.M. (1999) ‘Medical co-prescription of heroin to chronic, treatment-resistant methadone patients in the Netherlands’, Journal of Drug Issues 29 (3), pp. 587–606.

Van den Brink, W., Hendriks, V.M., Blanken, P., et al. (2003) ‘Medical prescription of heroin to treatment resistant heroin addicts: two randomised controlled trials’, British Medical Journal 327, pp. 310–6.

Van den Brink, W., Hendriks, V.M., Blanken, P., Huijsman, I.A. and Van Ree, J.M. (2002) Medical co-prescription of heroin: two trials, The Hague: Central Committee on the Treatment of Heroin Addicts.

Van den Brink, W., Hendriks, V.M., Blanken, P., Van Ree, J.M. (2000) ’Dutch research on the effectiveness of medical prescription of heroin: background, research design and preliminary results’, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144 (3), pp. 108–12

Amato, L., Davoli, M., Minozzi, S., Ali, R. and Ferri, M.M.F. (2005) ‘Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, Art. No.: CD003409, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003409.pub3.

Reference to studies included in Amato et al. (2005):

Bearn, J., Gossop, M. and Strang, J. (1996) ‘Randomised double-blind comparison of lofexidine and methadone in the in-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 43 (1–2), pp. 87–91.

Buydens-Branchey, L., Branchey, M. and Reel-Brander, C. (2005) ‘Efficacy of buspirone in the treatment of opioid withdrawal’, Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 25 (3), pp. 230–6.

Cami, J., De Torres, S., San, L., et al. ‘Efficacy of clonidine and of methadone in the rapid detoxification of patients dependent on heroin’, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38 (3), pp. 336–41.

Dawe, S., Gray, J.A. (1995) ‘Craving and drug reward: a comparison of methadone and clonidine in detoxifying opiate addicts’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 39 (3), pp. 207–12.

Drummond, D.C., Turkington, D., Rahman, M.Z., Mullin, .PJ. and Jackson, P. (1989) ‘Chlordiazepoxide versus methadone in opiate withdrawal: a preliminary double blind trial’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 23 (1), pp. 63–71.

Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Rustichelli, P., et al. (2000) ‘Rapid opiate detoxification in outpatient treatment: relationship with naltrexone compliance’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 18 (2), pp. 185–91.

Howells, C., Allen, S., Gupta, J., et al. (2002) ‘Prison based detoxification for opioid dependence: a randomised double blind controlled trial of lofexidine and methadone’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 67:, pp. 169–76.

Jiang, Z. (1993) ‘Rapid detoxification with clonidine for heroin addiction: A comparative study on its efficacy vs methadone’, Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 26 (1), pp. 10–13.

Kleber, H.D., Riordan, C.E., Rounsaville, B., et al. (1985) ‘Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance’, Archives of General Psychiatry 42 (4), pp. 391–4.

Kosten, R.T., Rounsaville, J., Kleber, H.D. (1984) ‘Relationship of depression to clonidine detoxification of opiate addicts’, Comprehensive Psychiatry 25 (5), pp. 503–8.

Kosten, T.R., Rounsaville, B.J. and Kleber, H.D. (1985) ‘Comparison of clinician ratings to self reports of withdrawal during clonidine detoxification of opiate addicts’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 11 (1–2), pp. 1–10.

Rounsaville, B.J., Kosten, T. and Kleber, H. (1985) ‘Success and failure at outpatient opioid detoxification: evaluating the process of clonidine and methadone assisted withdrawal’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173 (2), pp. 103–10.

Salehi, M., Amanatkar, M. and Barekatain, M. (2007) ‘Comparison of the efficacy of methadone and tramadol in opioid-assisted detoxification’, Iranian Journal of Medical Science 32 (1), pp. 28–31.

Salehi, M., Amanatkar, M. and Barekatain, M. (2006) ‘Tramadol versus methadone for the management of acute opioid withdrawal: an add-on study’, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11 (3), pp. 185–9.

San, L., Camì, J., Peri, J., Mata, R. and Porta, M. (1990) ‘Efficacy of clonidine, guanfacine and methadone in the rapid detoxification of heroin addicts: a controlled clinical trial’, British Journal of Addiction 85 (1), pp. 141–7.

San, L., Camì, J., Peri, J.M., Mata, R. and Porta, M. (1989) ‘Success and failure at inpatient heroin detoxification’, British Journal of Addiction 84 (1), pp. 81–7.

San, L., Camì, J., Fernandez, T., et al. (1992) ‘Assessment and management of opioid withdrawal symptoms in buprenorphine-dependent subjects’, British Journal of Addiction 87 (1), pp. 55–62.

San, L., Fernandez, T., Camì, J. and Gossop, M. (1994) ‘Efficacy of methadone versus methadone and guanfacine in the detoxification of heroin addicted patients’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 11 (5), pp. 463–9.

Seifert, J., Metzner, C., Paetzold, W., et al. (2005) ‘Mood and affect during detoxification of opiate addicts: a comparison of buprenorphine versus methadone’, Addiction Biology 10 (2), pp. 157–64.

Seifert, J., Metzner, C., Paetzold, W., et al. (2002) ‘Detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug abuse: a comparison of buprenorphine vs methadone’, Pharmacopsychiatry 35, pp. 159–64.

Sorensen, J.L., Hargreaves, W.A. and Weinberg, J.A. (1982) ‘Withdrawal from heroin in three or six weeks: comparison of methadyl acetate and methadone’, Archives of General Psychiatry 39 (2), pp. 167–71.

Steinmann, C., Artmann, S., Henneberg, B. and Paul, H.W. (2007) ‘Should methadone or buprenorphine be preferred for opiate detoxification?’ [Methadon–Racemat versus Buprenorphin zur stationären Entgiftungsbehandlung Opiatabhängiger] Psychiatrische Praxis 34 (S1), pp. 103–5.

Tennant, S., Jr, Russel, B.A., Casas, S.K. and Bleick, R.N. (1975) ‘Heroin detoxification: A comparison of propoxyphene and methadone’, JAMA 232 (10), pp. 1019–23.

Umbricht, A., Hoover, D.R., Tucker, M.J., et al. (2003) ‘Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine or methadone in hospitalized heroin dependent patients with HIV infection’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 69, pp. 263–72.

Washton, A.M. and Resnick, R.B. (1980) ‘Clonidine versus methadone for opiate detoxification’, Lancet 2 (8207), pp. 1297.

Washton, A.M. and Resnick, R.B. (1981) ‘Clonidine vs methadone for opiate detoxification: double-blind outpatient trials’, in Harris, L.S. (ed.) NIDA research monograph, vol. 34, Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Services, pp. 89–94.

Yang, L., Chen, J., Li, L., Wen, P. and Zhang, X. ‘Controlled clinical study on Paiduyangsheng capsule in detoxification of Heroin’.

Gowing, L., Ali, R. and White, J.M. (2006) ‘Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No. CD002025, DOI: 2/14651858.CD002025.pub3.

References to studies included in Gowing et al. (2006):

Amass, L., Bickel, W.K., Higgins, S.T. and Hughes, J.R. (1994) ‘A preliminary investigation of outcome following gradual or rapid buprenorphine detoxification,’ Journal of Addictive Diseases 13 (3), pp. 33–45. [MEDLINE:95252233]

Amass, L., Ling, W., Freese, T.E., et al. (2004) ‘Bringing buprenorphine-naloxone detoxification to community treatment providers: the NIDA Clinical Trials Network Field Experience’,  American Journal on Addictions 13 (Supp.), pp. S42–66.

Assadi, S.M., Hafezi, M., Mokri, A., Razzaghi, E.M. and Ghaeli, P. (2004) Opioid detoxification using high doses of buprenorphine in 24 hours: a randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27, pp. 75–82.

Cheskin, L.J., Fudala, P.J. and Johnson, R.E. (1994) ‘A controlled comparison of buprenorphine and clonidine for acute detoxification from opioids’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 36 (2), pp. 115–21. [MEDLINE: 95154178]

Collins, E.D., Kleber, H.D., Whittington, R.A. and Heitler, N.E. (2005) Anesthesia-assisted vs buprenorphine- or clonidine-assisted heroin detoxification and naltrexone induction: a randomised trial’, JAMA 294 (8), pp. 903–13.

Collins, E.D., Whittington, R.A., Heitler, N.E. and Kleber, H.D. (2002) ‘A randomised comparison of anaesthesia-assisted heroin detoxification with buprenorphine- and clonidine-assisted detoxifications’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66 (Supp.), p. S35.

Ebner, R., Schreiber, W. and Zierer, C. (2004) ‘Buprenorphine or methadone for detoxification of young opioid addicts?’ [Buprenorphin oder Methadon imEntzug junger Opiatabhangiger?] Psychiatrische Praxis 31 (Supp. 1), pp. S108–10. [MEDLINE: 15570521]

Fingerhood, M.I., Thompson, M.R. and Jasinski, D.R. (2001) ‘A comparison of clonidine and buprenorphine in the outpatient treatment of opiate withdrawal’, Substance Abuse 22 (3), pp. 193–9.

Janiri, L., Mannelli, P., Persico, A.M., Serretti, A. and Tempesta, E. (1994) ‘Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and buprenorphine’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 36 (2), pp. 139–45. [MEDLINE: 95154181]

Janiri, L., Mannelli, P., Serretti, A. and Tempesta, E. (1994) ‘Low-dose buprenorphine detoxification in long term methadone addicts’, Regulatory Peptides Supp. 1, pp. 289–90.

Ling, W., Amass, L., Shoptaw, S., et al. (2005) ‘Amulticentre randomised trial of buprenorphine-naloxone versus clonidine for opioid detoxification: findings from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network’, Addiction 100, pp. 1090–100.

Lintzeris, N., Bell, J., Bammer, G., Jolley, D.J. and Rushworth, L. (2002) ‘A randomised controlled trial of buprenorphine in the management of short-term ambulatory heroin withdrawal’, Addiction 97 (11), pp. 1395–404.

Liu, Z.M., Cai, Z.J., Wang, X.P., Ge, Y. and Li, C.M. (1997) ‘Rapid detoxification of heroin dependence by buprenorphine: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica’, 18 (2), pp. 112–14.

Nigam, A.K., Ray, R. and Tripathi, B.M. (1993) ‘Buprenorphine in opiate withdrawal: a comparison with clonidine’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 10 (4), pp. 391–4. [MEDLINE: 94016726]

O’Connor, P.G., Carroll, K.M., Shi, J.M., et al. (1997) ‘Three methods of opioid detoxification in a primary care setting: a randomized trial’, Annals of Internal Medicine 127 (7), pp. 526–30. [MEDLINE: 97443112]

Oreskovich, M.R., Saxon, A.J., Ellis, M.L., et al. (2005) ‘A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, prospective pilot study of the partial Mu opiate agonist, buprenorphine, for acute detoxification from heroin’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 77 (1), pp. 71–9. [Embase 2004536231]

Shi, J.M., O’Connor, P.G., Constantino, J.A., et al. (1993) ‘Three methods of ambulatory opiate detoxification: preliminary results of a randomised clinical trial’, NIDA Research Monograph 132, p. 309.

Petitjean, S., von Bardeleben, U., Weber, M., Ladewig, D. (2002) ‘Buprenorphine versus methadone in opiate detoxification: preliminary results’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66, S138.

Paetzold, W., Eronat, V., Seifert, J., et al. (2000) ‘Detoxification of poly-substance abusers with buprenorphine: effects on affect, anxiety, and withdrawal symptoms’ [Detoxifikation polytoxikomaner Patienten mit Buprenorphin. Auswirkungen auf Affektivitat, Angst und Entzugssymptomaik]. Nervenarzt 71 (9), pp. 722–9. [MEDLINE: 20497356]

Schneider, U., Paetzold, W., Eronat, V., et al. (2000) ‘Buprenorphine and carbamazepine as a treatment for detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug misuse: a pilot study’, Addiction Biology 5: 65–9.

Seifert, J., Metzner, C., Paetzold, W., et al. (2002) ‘Detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug abuse: a comparison of buprenorphine vs. methadone’, Pharmacopsychiatry 35 (5), pp. 159–64. [MEDLINE: 12237786]

Umbricht, A., Hoover, D.R., Tucker, M.J., et al. (2003) ‘Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine, or methadone in hospitalized heroin-dependent patients with HIV infection’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 69, pp. 263–72.

Wang, R.I. and Young, L.D. (1996) ‘Double-blind controlled detoxification from buprenorphine’, NIDA Research Monograph 162, p. 114.

Gowing, L., Farrell, M., Ali, R. and White, J.M. (2004) ‘Alpha2 adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, Art. No.: CD002024, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002024.pub2.

References to studies included in Gowing et al. (2004):

Bearn, J.,Gossop, M. and Strang, J. (1996) ‘Randomised double-blind comparison of lofexidine and methadone in the in-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 43 (1–2), pp. 87–91.

Bearn, J., Gossop, M., Strang, J. (1998) ‘Accelerated lofexidine treatment regimen compared with conventional lofexidine and methadone treatment for in-patient opiate detoxification’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 50, pp. 227–32.

Benos, V.J. (1985) ‘Clonidine in opiate withdrawal syndrome’ [Clonidin beim opiatentzugssyndrom], Fortschritte der Medizin 103 (42), pp. 991–5.

Bertschy, G., Bryois, C., Bondolfi, G., et al. (1997) ‘The association carbamazepine-mianserin in opiate withdrawal: a double blind pilot study versus clonidine’, Pharmacological Research 35 (5), pp. 451–6.

Beswick, T., Best, D., Rees, S., et al. (2003) ‘Major disruptions of sleep during treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome: differences between methadone and lofexidine detoxification treatments’, Addiction Biology 8, pp. 49–57.

Camí, J.,Gilabert, M., San, L. and de la Torre, R. (1992) ‘Hypercortisolism after opioid discontinuation in rapid detoxification of heroin addicts’, British Journal of Addiction 87 (8), pp. 1145–51.

Camí, J., de Torres, S., San, L., et al. (1985) ‘Efficacy of clonidine and of methadone in the rapid detoxification of patients dependent on heroin’, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38 (3), pp. 336–41.

Carnwath, T. and Hardman, J. (1998) ‘Randomised double-blind comparison of lofexidine and clonidine in the out-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 50 (3), pp. 251–4.

Gerra, G., Marcato, A., Caccavari, R., et al. (1995) ‘Clonidine and opiate receptor antagonists in the treatment of heroin addiction’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 12 (1), pp. 35–41.

Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Rustichelli, P., et al. (2000) ‘Rapid opiate detoxification in outpatient treatment: relationship with naltrexone compliance’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 18 (1), pp. 185–91.

Gupta, A.K. and Jha, B.K. (1988) ‘Clonidine in heroin withdrawal syndrome: a controlled study in India’, British Journal of Addiction 83 (9), pp. 1079–84.

Howells, C., Allen, S., Gupta, J. and Farrell, M. (1999) ‘A double blind study comparing the efficacy of methadone and lofexidine in the treatment of opiate detoxification in prisoners at HMP Winchester’, Britannia Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Howells, C, Allen, S., Gupta, J., et al. (2002) ‘Prison based detoxification for opioid dependence: a randomised double blind controlled trial of lofexidine and methadone, Drug andAlcohol Dependence 67 (2), pp. 169–76.

Jiang, Z. (1993) ‘Rapid detoxification with clonidine for heroin addiction: a comparative study on its efficacy vs methadone’ [[Chinese]] Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 26 (1), pp. 10–13.

Kahn, A., Mumford, J.P., Rogers, G.A. and Beckford, H. (1997) ‘Double-blind study of lofexidine and clonidine in the detoxification of opiate addicts in hospital’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 44 (1), pp. 57–61.

Kleber, H.D., Riordan, C.E., Rounsaville, B., et al. (1985) ‘Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance’, Archives of General Psychiatry 42 (4), pp. 391–4.

Kosten, T.R., Rounsaville, B.J. and Kleber, H.D. (1984) ‘Relationship of depression to clonidine detoxification of opiate addicts’, Comprehensive Psychiatry 25 (5), pp. 503–8.

Kosten, T.R., Rounsaville, B.J. and Kleber, H.D. (1985) ‘Comparison of clinician ratings to self reports of withdrawal during clonidine detoxification of opiate addicts’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 11 (1–2), pp. 1–10.

Li, M., Chen, K. and Mo, Z. (2002) ‘Use of qigong therapy in the detoxification of heroin addicts’, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 8 (1), pp. 50–9.

Lin, S-K., Strang, J., Su, L-W., Tsai, C-J., Hu, W-H. (1997) ‘Double-blind randomised controlled trial of lofexidine versus clonidine in the treatment of heroin withdrawal’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 48 (2), pp. 127–33.

Malhotra, A., Basu, D., Chintalapudi, M., Mattoo, S.K. and Varma, V.K. (1997) ‘Clonidine versus withdrawal using an opioid in in-patient opioid detoxification’, European Addiction Research 3, pp. 146–9.

Rounsaville, B.J., Kosten, T. and Kleber, H. (1985) ‘Success and failure at outpatient opioid detoxification: evaluating the process of clonidine and methadone assisted withdrawal’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 173 (2), pp. 103–10.

San, L., Camí, J., Peri, J.M., Mata, R. and Porta, M. (1990) ‘Efficacy of clonidine, guanfacine and methadone in the rapid detoxification of heroin addicts: a controlled clinical trial’, British Journal of Addiction 85 (1), pp. 141–7.

San, L., Fernández, T., Camí, J. and Gossop, M. (1994) ‘Efficacy of methadone versus methadone and guanfacine in the detoxification of heroin addicted patients’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 11 (5), pp. 463–9.

San, L., Peri, J.M., Mata, R. and Porta, M. (1989) ‘Success and failure at inpatient heroin detoxification,’ British Journal of Addiction 84 (1), pp. 81–7.

Senay, E., Tennant, F.S. and Washton, A.M. (1983) [Boehringer IngelheimGmbH report number U85-0844], Boehringer Ingelheim Pty Ltd.

Sos, I., Kiss, N., Csorba, J. and Gerevich, J. (2000) ‘Tizanidine in the treatment of acute withdrawal symptoms in heroin dependent patients’ [A tizanidin hatekonysaga heroinfuggo betegek akut megvonasi tuneteinek kezeleseben], Orvosi Hetilap 141 (15), pp. 783–6.

Washton, A.M. and Resnick, R.B. (1980) ‘Clonidine vs methadone for opiate detoxification: double-blind outpatient trials’, in Harris, L.S. (ed.) Problems of Drug Dependence, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington: The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence,Inc.

Washton, A.M. and Resnick, R.B. (1980) ‘Clonidine versus methadone for opiate detoxification’, Lancet 13 December, 2 (8207), pp. 1297.

Minozzi, S., Amato, L., Vecchi, S. et al. (2006) ‘Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1, Art. No.: CD001333, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001333.pub2.

References to studies included in Minozzi et al. (2006):

Cornish, J.W., Metzger, D., Woody, G.E., et al. (1997) ‘Naltrexone pharmacotherapy for opioid dependent federal probationers’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 14 (6), pp. 529–34.

Curran, S. and Savage, C. (1976) ‘Patients’ response to naltrexone: issues of acceptance, treatment effects, and frequency of administration’, NIDA Research Monograph Series 9, pp. 67–9.

Guo, S., Jiang, Z. and Wu, Y. (2001) Efficacy of naltrexone hydrochloride for preventing relapse among opiate-dependent patients after detoxification’, Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry 11 (4), pp. 2–8.

Hollister, LE. (1978) ‘Clinical evaluation of naltrexone treatment of opiate-dependent individuals: Report of the National Research Council Committee on Clinical Evaluation of Narcotic Antagonists’, Archives of General Psychiatry 35 (3), pp. 335–40.

Krupitsky, E.M., Zvartau, E.E., Masalov, D.V., et al. (2004) ‘Naltrexone for heroin dependence treatment in St Petersburg, Russia’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 26(4), pp. 285–94.

Ladewig, D. (1990) ‘Naltrexone: an effective aid in the psychosocial rehabilitation process of former opiate dependent patients’, Therapeutische Umschau 47 (3), pp. 247–50.

Lerner, A., Sigal, M., Bacalu, A., et al. (1992) ‘A naltrexone double-blind placebo controlled study in Israel’, Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 29 (1), pp. 36–43.

Rawson, R.A., Glazer, M., Callahan, E.J. and Liberman, R.P. (1979) ‘Naltrexone and behaviour therapy for heroin addiction’, NIDA Research Monograph Series 25, pp. 26–43.

San, L., Pomarol, G., Peri, J.M., Olle, J.M. and Cami, J. (1991) ‘Follow-up after a six month maintenance period on naltrexone versus placebo in heroin addicts’, British Journal of Addiction 86 (8), pp. 983–90.

Shufman, E.N., Porat, S., Witzum, E., et al. (1994) ‘The efficacy of naltrexone in preventing reabuse of heroin after detoxification,’ Biological Psychiatry 35 (12), pp. 935–45.

Minozzi, S., Amato, L., Davoli, M. et al. (2008) ‘Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No.: CD006754, DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006754.pub2.

References to studies included in Minozzi (2008):

Berger, P.S., Winhusen, T.M., Somoza, E.C., et al. (2005) ‘A medication screening trial evaluation of reserpine, gabapentin and lamotrigine pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence’, Addiction 100 (Supp. 1), pp. 58–67.

Bisaga, A., Aharonovich, E., Garawi, F., et al. (2006) A randomised placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin for cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 81 (3), pp. 267–74.

Campbell, J., Nickel, E.J., Penick, E.C., et al. (2003) ‘Comparison of desipramine or carbamazepine to placebo for crack cocaine dependent patients, American Journal on Addictions 12, pp. 122–36.

Campbell, J., Nickel, E.J., Penick, E.C., Liskow, B. and Powell, B.J. (1999) ‘Gender differences in pharmacologic treatment for cocaine dependence’, NIDA Research monograph 54.

Campbell, J.L., Thomas, H.M., Gabrielli, W., Liskow, B.I. and Powell, B.J. (1994) ‘Impact of desipramine or carbamazepine on patient retention in outpatient cocaine treatment: preliminary findings’, Journal of Addictive Diseases 13 (4), pp. 191–9.

Campbell, L., Thomas, H.M., Gabrielli, W.F. and Samuelson. S.D. (1996) ‘Efficacy and compliance with carbamazepine and desipramine versus placebo for cocaine abusers’, NIDA Research Monograph 162, p. 147.

Cornish, J.W., Manny, I., Fudala, P.J., et al. (1995) ‘Carbamazepine treatment for cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38 (3), pp. 221–7.

Crosby, R.D., Pearson, V.L., Eller, C., Winegarden, T., Graves, N.L. (1996) ‘Phentoin in the treatment of cocaine abuse: a double blind study’, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 59 (4), pp. 458–68.

Gonzalez, G., Desai, R., Sofuoglu, M., et al. (2007) ‘Clinical efficacy of gabapentin versus tiagabine for reducing cocaine use among cocaine dependent methadone-treated patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 87 (1), pp. 1–9.

Gonzalez, G., Desai, R., Sofuoglu, M., et al. (2007) ‘Clinical efficacy of gabapentin versus tiagabine for reducing cocaine use among cocaine dependent methadone-treated patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 87 (1), pp. 1–9.

Gonzalez, G., Sevarino, K., Sofuoglu, M., et al. (2003) ‘Tiagabine increases cocaine-free urine in cocaine-dependent methadone-treated patients: results of a randomised pilot study’, Addiction 98 (11), pp. 1625–32.

Halikas, J.A., Crosby, R.D., Koop, L.P., et al. (1991) ‘Daily monitored cardiovascular effects of carbamazepine in chronic crack cocaine use’, Psychopharmacological Bulletin 27  (3), pp. 345–51.

Halikas, J.A., Crosby, R.D., Pearson, V.L. and Graves, N.M. (1997) ‘A randomised double-blind study of carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine abuse’, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 62 (1), pp. 89–105.

Hersh, D., Bauer, L.O. and Kranzler, H.R. (1995) ‘Carbamazepine and cocaine-cue reactivity’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 39, pp. 213–21.

Kampan, K.M., Pettinati, H., Lynch, K.G., et al. (2004) ‘A pilot trial of topiramate for the treatment of cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 75 (3), pp. 233–40.

Kranzler, H.R., Bauer, L.O., Hersh, D., Klinghoffer, V. (1995) ‘Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence: a placebo-controlled trial’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38 (3), pp. 203–11.

Montoya, I.D., Levin, F.R., Fudala, P.J. and Gorelick, D.A. (1995) ‘Double-blind comparison of carbamazepine and placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38 (3), pp. 213–19.

Reid, M.S., Casadonte, P., Baker, S., et al. (2005) ‘A placebo-controlled screening trial of olanzapine, valproate and coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine for the treatment of cocaine dependence’, Addiction 100 (Supp. 1), pp. 43–57.

Sofuoglu, M., Pentel, P.R., Bliss, R.L., Goldman, A.I. and Hatsukami, D.K. (1999) ‘Effects of phenytoin on cocaine self-administration in humans’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 53 (3), pp. 273–5.

Winhusen, T.M., Somoza, E.C., Harrer, J.M., et al. (2005) ‘A placebo-controlled screening trial of tiagabine, sertraline and donepezil as cocaine dependence treatments’, Addiction 100 (Supp. 1), pp. 68–77.

Silva de Lima, M., Farrell, M., Lima Reisser, A.A.R.L., Soares, B. (2003) ‘Antidepressants for cocaine dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No.: CD002950, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002950.

References to studies included in Silva de Lima et al. (2003):

Arndt, I.O., Dorozynsky, L., Woody, G.E., McLellan, A.T. and O’Brien, C.P. (1992) ‘Desipramine treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients’, Archives of General Psychiatry 49 (11), pp. 888–93.

Arndt, I.O., McLellan, A.T., Dorozynsky, L., Woody, G.E. and O’Brien, C.P. (1994) ‘Desipramine treatment for dependence: role of antisocial personality disorder’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182 (3), pp. 151–6.

Batki, S.L., Washburn, A.M., Delucchi, K. and Jones, R.T. (1996) ‘A controlled trial of fluoxetine in crack cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 41 (2), pp. 137–42.

Campbell, J.L., Thomas, H.M., Gabrielli, W., Liskow, B.I. and Powell, B.J. (1994) ‘Impact of desipramine or carbamazepine on patient retention in outpatient cocaine treatment: preliminary findings, Experimental Therapeutics in Addiction Medicine 13 (4), pp. 191–9.

Carroll, K.M., Nich, C. and Rounsaville, B.J. (1995) ‘Differential symptom reduction in depressed cocaine abusers treated with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183 (4), pp. 251–9.

Carroll, K.M., Rounsaville, B.J., Gordon, L.T., et al. (1994) ‘Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for ambulatory cocaine abusers’, Archives of General Psychiatry 51(3), pp. 177–87.

Covi, L., Hess, J.M., Kreiter, N.A. and Haertzen, C.A. (1995) ‘Effects of combined fluoxetine and counseling in the outpatient treatment of cocaine abusers’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 21 (3), pp. 327–44.

Ehrman, R.N., Robbins, S.J., Cornish, J.W., Childress, A.R. and O’Brien, C.P. (1996) ‘Failure of ritanserin to block cocaine cue reactivity in humans’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 42 (3), pp. 167–74.

Gawin, F.H., Kleber, H.D., Byck, R., et al. (1989) ‘Desipramine facilitation of inicial cocaine abstinence’, Archives of General Psychiatry 46 (2), pp. 117–21.

Giannini, A.J., Loiselle, R.H. and Giannini, M.C. (1987) ‘Space-based abstinence: alleviation of withdrawal symptoms in combinative cocaine-phencyclidine abuse’, Clinical Toxicology 25 (6), pp. 493–500.

Giannini, J., Malone, D.A., Giannini, M.C., Price, W., Loiselle, R.H. (1986) ‘Treatment of depression in chronic cocaine and phencyclidine abuse with desipramine’, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26 (3), pp. 211–14.

Hall, S.M., Tunis, S., Triffleman, E., et al. (1994) Continuity of care and desipramine in primary cocaine abusers’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182 (10), pp. 570–5.

Jenkins, S.W., Warfield, N.A., Blaine, J.D., et al. (1992) ‘A pilot trial of gepirone vs. placebo in the treatment of cocaine dependency, Psychopharmacology Bulletin 28 (1), pp. 21–6.

Kolar, A.F., Brown, B.S., Weddington, W.W., et al. (1992) ‘Treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance clients: a pilot study comparing the efficacy of desipramine and amantadine’, International Journal of the Addictions 27 (7), pp. 849–68.

Kosten, T.R., Gawin, F.H., Kosten, T.A., et al. (1992) ‘Six-month follow-up of short-term pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence’, American Journal on Addictions 1 (1), pp. 40–9.

Kosten, T.R., Morgan, C.M., Falcione, J. and Schottenfeld, R.S. (1992) ‘Pharmacotherapy for cocaine-abusing methadone-maintened patients using amantadine or desipramine’, Archives of General Psychiatry 49 (11), pp. 894–8.

Leal, J., Ziedonis, D. and Kosten, T. (1994) ‘Antisocial personality as a prognostic for pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 35 (1), pp. 31–5.

Margolin, A., Kosten, T.R., Avants, S.K., et al. (1995) ‘A multicenter trial of bupropion for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 40 (2), pp. 125–31.

McElroy, S.L., Weiss, R.D., Mendelson, J.H., et al. (1989) ‘Desipramine treatment for relapse prevention in cocaine dependence’, NIDA Monograph Series 95, pp. 57–63.

Nunes, E.V., McGrath, P.J., Quitkin, F.M., et al. (1995) ‘Imipramine treatment of cocaine abuse: possible boundaries of efficacy’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 39 (3), pp. 185–95.

O’Brien, C.P., Childress, A.R., Arndt, I.O., et al. (1988) ‘Pharmacological and behavioral treatments of cocaine dependence: controlled studies’, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49 (Supp.), pp. 17–22.

Tennant, F.S. and Tarver, A.L. (1985) ‘Double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo in withdrawal from cocaine dependence’, NIDA Research Monograph Series 55, pp. 159–63.

Triffleman, E., Deluchi, K., Tunis, S., Banys, P. and Hall, S. (1992) ‘Desipramine in the treatment of crack cocaine dependence: preliminary results’, NIDA Monograph Series 132, p. 317.

Weddington, W.W., Brown, B.S., Haertzen, C.A., et al. (1991) ‘Comparison of amantadine combined with psychotherapy for treatment of cocaine dependence’, American Journal on Drug and Alcohol Abuse 17, pp. 137–52.

Ziedonis, D.M. and Kosten, T.R. (1991) ‘Depression as a prognostic for pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence’, Psychopharmacology Bulletin 27 (3), pp. 337–43.

Amato, L., Minozzi, S., Pani, P.P., and Davoli, M. (2007) ‘Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, Art. No. CD006306, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006306.pub2.

References to studies included in Amato et al. (2007):

Berger, S.P., Hall, S., Mickallan, J.D., et al. (1996) Haloperidol antagonism of cue-elicited cocaine craving’, Lancet 347 (9000), pp. 504–8.

Grabowski, J., Rhoades, H., Stotts, A., et al. (2004) ‘Agonist-like or antagonist-like treatment for cocaine dependence with methadone for heroin dependence: two double-blind randomized clinical trials’, Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (7), pp. 969–81.

Kampman, K.M., Pettinati, H., Lynch, K.G., Sparkman, T. and O’Brien, C.P. (2003) ‘A pilot trial of olanzapine for the treatment of cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 70 (3), pp. 265–73.

Levin, F.R., McDowell, D., Evans, S.M., et al. (1999) ‘Pergolide mesylate for cocaine abuse: a controlled preliminary trial’, The American Journal on Addiction 8 (2), pp. 120–7.

Reid, M.S., Casadonte, P., Baker, S., et al. (2005) ‘A placebo-controlled screening trial of olanzapine, valproate and coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine for the treatment of cocaine dependence’, Addiction 100 (Supp. 1), pp. 43–57.

Smelson, D.A., Williams, J., Ziedonis, D., et al. (2004) ‘A double-blind placebo controlled pilot study of risperidone for decreasing cue-elicited craving in recently withdrawn cocaine dependent patients’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27 (1), pp. 45–9.

Smelson, D.A., Ziedonis, D., Williams, J., et al. (2006) ‘The efficacy of olanzapine for decreasing cue elicited craving in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence,’ Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 26 (1), pp. 9–12.

Lima Reisser, A., Lima, M.S., Soares, B.G.O. and Farrell, M. (2002) ‘Carbamazepine for cocaine dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No. CD002023, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002023.

References to studies included in Lima Reisser et al. (2002):

Campbell, J., Gorodetzy, C., Nickel, J. and Penick, E. (2001) ‘Does worse predict better? Characteristic and outcomes of volunteers for a medication trial or psychosocial trial’, Drugs and Alcohol Dependence, Sixty-Third Annual Scientific Meeting, 15–23 June, Scottsdale, Arizona, Supp. 1, pp. 23–4.

Campbell, J.L., Thomas, H.M., Gabrielli, W., Liskow, B.I. and Powell, B.J. (1994) ‘Impact of Desipramine or Carbamazepine on patient retention in outpatient cocaine treatment: preliminary findings’, Journal of Addictive Diseases 13 (4), pp. 191–9.

Cornish, J.W., Manny, I., Fudala, P.J., et al. (1995) ‘Carbamazepine treatment for cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38, pp. 221–7.

Halikas, J.A., Crosby, R.D., Koop, L.P., et al. (1991) ‘Daily monitored cardiovascular effects of carbamazepine in chronic crack cocaine use’, Psychopharmacological Bulletin 27 (3), pp. 345–51.

Halikas, J.A., Crosby, R.D., Pearson, V.L. and Graves, N.M. (1997) ‘A randomized double-blind study of carbamazepine in the treatment of cocaine abuse’, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 62, pp. 89–105.

Hersh, D., Bauer, L.O. and Kranzler, H.R. (1995) ‘Carbamazepine and cocaine-cue reactivity’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 39, pp. 213–21.

Kranzler, H.R., Bauer, L.O., Hersh, D. and Klinghoffer, V. (1995) ‘Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence: a placebo-controlled trial’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38, pp. 203–11.

Montoya, I.D., Levin, F.R., Fudala, P.J. and Gorelick, D.A. (1995) ‘Double-blind comparison of carbamazepine and placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38, pp. 213–19.

Soares, B., Lima Reisser, A.A.R.L., Farrell, M. and Silva de Lima, M. (2003) ‘Dopamine agonists for cocaine dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2, Art. No. CD003352, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003352. A B

References to studies included in Soares et al. (2003):

Alterman, A.I., Droba, M., Antelo, R.E., et al. (1992) ‘ Amantadine may facilitate detoxification of cocaine abusers’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 31, pp. 19–29.

Eiler, K., Schaefer, M.R., Salstrom, D. and Lowery, R. (1995) ‘Double-blind comparison of bromocriptine and placebo in cocaine withdrawal’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 21, pp. 65–79.

Giannini, J.A., Folts, J.D., Feather, N.J. and Sullivan, S.B. (1989) ‘Bromocriptine and amantadine in cocaine detoxification’, Psychiatry Research 29, pp. 11–16.

Handelsman, L., Limpitlaw, L., Williams, D., (1995) ‘Amantadine does not reduce cocaine-dependent methadone maintenance patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 39, pp. 173–80.

Handelsman, L., Rosenblum, A., Palij, M., et al. (1997) ‘Bromocriptine for cocaine dependence: a controlled clinical trial’, American Journal on Addictions 6, pp. 54–64.

Kampman, K., Volpicelli, J.R., Alterman, A., Cornish, J. and O’Brien, C.P. (2000) ‘Amantadine in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with severe withdrawal symptoms’, American Journal of Psychiatry 157, pp. 2052–4.

Kampman, K., Volpicelli, J.R., Alterman, A., et al. (1996) ‘Amantadine in the early treatment of cocaine dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 41, pp. 25–33.

Kolar, A.F., Brown, B.S., Weddington, W.W., et al. (1992) ‘Treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone maintenance clients: a pilot study comparing the efficacy of desipramine and amantadine’, International Journal of the Addictions 27 (7), pp. 849–68.

Kosten, T.R., Morgan, C.M., Falcione, J., Schottenfeld, R.S. (1992) ‘Pharmacotherapy for cocaine-abusing methadone-maintened patients using amantadine or desipramine’, Archives of General Psychiatry 49, pp. 894–8.

Kranzler, H.R. and Bauer, L.O. (1992) ‘Bromocriptine and cocaine reactivity in cocaine-dependent patients’, British Journal of Addiction 87, pp. 1537–48.

Leal, J., Ziedonis, D. and Kosten, T. (1994) ‘Antisocial personality as a prognostic for pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 35, pp. 31–5.

Malcolm, R., Phillips, J.D., Brady, K.T., Roberts, J.R. (1994) ‘A comparison of pergolide and bromocritine in the initial rehabilitation of cocaine dependence’, American Journal on Addictions 3 (2), pp. 144–50.

Malcolm, R., Herron, J., Sutherland, S.E. and Brady, K.T. (2001) ‘Adverse outcomes in a controlled trial of pergolide for cocaine dependence’, Journal of Addictive Diseases 20 (1), pp. 81–92.

Malcolm, R., Kajdasz, D.K., Herron, J., Anton, R.F. and Brady, K.T. (2000) ‘Doubleblind, placebo-controlled outpatient trial of pergolide for cocaine dependence’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60, pp. 161–8.

Malcolm, R., Moore, J.W., Kajdasz, D.K. and Cochrane, C.E. (1997) ‘Pergolyde mesylate adverse events occurring in the treatment of cocaine dependence’, American Journal on Addictions 6, pp.117–23.

Moscovitz, H., Brookof, D. and Nelson, L. (1993) ‘A randomized trial of bromocriptine for cocaine users presenting to the emergency department’, Journal of General Internal Medicine 8, pp. 1–4.

Oliveto, A., Kosten, T.R., Schottenfeld, R., Falcioni, J. and Ziedonis, D. (1995) Desipramine, amantadine, or fluoxetine in buprenorphine-maintained cocaine users’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 12 (6), pp. 423–8.

Pérez de los Cobos, J., Duro, P., Trujols, J., et al. (2001) ‘Methadone tapering plus amantadine to detoxify heroin dependent inpatients with or without an active cocaine use disorder: two randomised controlled trials’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 63, pp. 187–95.

Shoptaw, S., Kintaudi, P.C., Charuvastra, C. and Ling, W. (2002) ‘A screening trial of amantadine as a medication for cocaine dependence’, Alcohol and Drug Dependence 66, pp. 217–24.

Tennant, F.S. and Sagherian, A.A. (1987) ‘Double-blind comparison of amantadine and bromocriptine for ambulatory withdrawal from cocaine dependence’, Archives of Internal Medicine 147, pp. 109–12.

Weddington, W.W., Brown, B.S., Haertzen, C.A., et al. (1991) ‘Comparison of amantadine combined with psychotherapy for treatment of cocaine dependence’, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 17, pp. 137–52.

Ziedonis, D.M., Kosten, T.R. (1991) ‘Depression as a prognostic for pharmacological treatment of cocaine dependence’, Psychopharmacology Bulletin 27, pp. 337–43.

Denis, C., Lavie, E., Fatseas, M. and Auriacombe, M. (2006) ‘Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence in outpatient settings’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, Art. No. CD005336, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005336.pub2.

References to studies included in Denis et al. (2006):

Budney, A.J., Higgins, S.T., Radonovich, K.J. and Novy, P.L. (2000) ‘Adding voucher based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (6), pp. 1051–61.

Copeland, J., Swift, W., Roffman, R. and Stephens, R. (2001) ‘A randomised controlled trial of brief cognitive-behavioral interventions for cannabis use disorder’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 21 (2), pp. 55–64.

Marijuana Treatment Project Research Group (2004) ‘Brief treatments for cannabis dependence: findings from a randomised multi site trial’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72 (3), pp. 455–66.

Sinha, R., Easton, C., Renee-Aubin, L. and Carroll, K.M. (2003) ‘Engaging young probation-referred marijuana-abusing individuals in treatment: a pilot trial’, American Journal of Addiction 12 (4), pp. 314–23.

Stephens, R.S., Roffman, R.A. and Curtin, L. (2000) ‘Comparison of extended versus brief treatments for marijuana use’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (5), pp. 898–908.

Stephens, R.S., Roffman, R.A. and Simpson, E.E. (1994) ‘Treating adult marijuana dependence: a test of the relapse prevention model’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (1), pp. 92–9.

[[level 2 heading]]

Srisurapanont, M., Jarusuraisin, N. and Kittirattanapaiboon, P. (2001a) ‘Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, Art. No. CD003022, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003022.

References to studies included in Srisurapanont et al. (2001a):

Batki, S.L., Moon, J., Bradley, M., et al. (2000) ‘Fluoxetine in methamphetamine dependence: — a controlled tail: preliminary analysis’, in Harris, L.S. (ed.) Problems of drug dependence 1999: proceedings of the 61st annual scientific meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., NIDA Research Monograph, 180, NIH Pub. No. 00-4737), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 235.

Batki, S.L., Moon, J., Delucchi, K., et al. (n.d.) ‘Amlodipine treatment of methamphetamine dependence, a controlled outpatient trial: preliminary analysis’, Personal communication with Dr. Steven L Batki.

Galloway, G.P., Newmeyer, J., Knapp, T., Stalcup, S.A., Smith, D. (1994) ‘Imipramine for the treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine dependence’, Journal of Addictive Diseases 13 (4), pp. 201–16.

Galloway, G.P., Newmeyer, J., Knapp, T., Stalcup, S.A., Smith, D. (1996) ‘A controlled trial of imipramine for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 13 (6), pp. 493–7.

Tennant, R.S. Jr, Tarver, A., Pumphrey, E. and Seecof, R. (1986) ‘Double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo for treatment of phencyclidine or amphetamine dependence’, NIDA Research Monograph 67, pp. 310–17.

Srisurapanont, M., Jarusuraisin, N. and Kittirattanapaiboon, P. (2001b) ‘Treatment for amphetamine withdrawal’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, Art. No. CD003021, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003021.

References to studies included in Srisurapanont et al. (2001b):

Jittiwutikan, J., Srisurapanont, M. and Jarusuraisin, N. (1997) ‘Amineptine in the

treatment of amphetamine withdrawal: a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind study’, Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 80 (9), pp. 587–91.

Srisurapanont, M., Jarusuraisin, N. and Jittiwutikan, J. (1999) ‘Amphetamine withdrawal II: a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind study of amineptine treatment’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, pp. 94–8.

NICE (2008) Drug misuse: psychosocial interventions, Clinical Guideline 51, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London.

Knapp, W.P., Soares, B., Farrell, M. and Silva de Lima, M. (2007) ‘Psychosocial interventions for cocaine and psychostimulant amphetamines related disorders’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3, Art. No. CD003023, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003023.pub2.

References to studies included in Knapp et al. (2007):

Baker, A., Boggs, T.G. and Lewin, T.J. (2001) ‘Randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive-behavioural interventions among regular users of amphetamine’, Addiction 96, pp. 1279–87.

Barber, J.P., Foltz, C., Crits-Christoph, P. and Chittams, J. (2004) ‘Therapists’ adherence and competence and treatment discrimination in the NIDA Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study’, Journal of Clinical Psychology 60 (1), pp. 29–41.

Carroll, K.M., Nich, C., Ball, S.A., et al. (2000) ‘One-year follow-up of disulphiram and psychotherapy for cocaine-alcohol users: sustained effects of treatment’, Addiction 95 (9), pp. 1335–49.

Carroll, K.M., Nich, C., Ball, S.A., McCance, E. and Rounsavile, B.J. (1998) Treatment of cocaine and alcohol dependence with psychotherapy and disulphiram, Addiction 93 (5), pp. 713–28.

Carroll, K.M., Nich, C. and Rounsaville, B.J. (1995) ‘Differential symptom reduction in depressed cocaine abusers treated with psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183, pp. 251–9.

Carroll, K.M., Rounsaville, B.J. and Gawin, F.H. (1991) ‘A comparative trial of psychotherapies for ambulatory cocaine abusers: relapse prevention and interpersonal psychotherapy’, American Journal of Dug and Alcohol Abuse 17 (3), pp. 229–47.

Carroll, K.M., Rounsaville, B.J., Gordon, L.T., et al. (1994) ‘Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for ambulatory cocaine abusers’, Archives of General Psychiatry 51, pp. 177–87.

Carroll, K.M., Rounsaville, B.J., Nich, C., et al. (1994) ‘One-year follow-up of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence: delayed emergence of psychotherapy effects’, Archives of General Psychiatry 51, pp. 989–97.

Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland, L., Blaine, J., et al. (1997) ‘The National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study: rationale and methods’, Archives of General Psychiatry 54, pp. 721–6.

Crits-Christoph, P., Siqueland, L., Blaine, J., et al. (1999) ‘Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: National Institute of Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study’, Archives of General Psychiatry 56, pp. 493–502.

Farabee, D., Rawson, R. and McCann, M. (2002) ‘Adoption of drug avoidance activities among patients in contingency management and cognitive behavioural treatments’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 23 (4), pp. 343–50.

Gottheil, E., Weinstein, S.P., Sterling, R.C., Lundy, A., Serota, R.D. (1998) ‘A randomised

controlled study of the effectiveness of intensive outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence’, Psychiatric Services 49 (6), pp. 782–7.

Hall, S.M., Tunis, S., Triffleman, E., et al. (1994) ‘Continuity of care and desipramine in primary cocaine abusers’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182 (10), pp. 570–5.

Higgins, S.T., Budney, A.J., Bickel, W.K., et al. (1993) ‘Achieving cocaine abstinence with a behavioral approach’, American Journal of Psychiatry 150 (5), pp. 763–9.

Higgins, S.T., Budney, A.J., Bickel, W.K., et al. (1994) ‘Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence’, Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (July), pp. 568–76.

Higgins, S.T., Budney, A.J., Bickel, W.K., et al. (1995) ‘Outpatient behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence one-year outcome’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 3 (2), pp. 205–12.

Higgins, S.T., Sigmon, S.C., Wong, C.J., et al. (2003) ‘Community reinforcement therapy for cocaine-dependent outpatients’, Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (10), pp. 1043–52.

Higgins, S.T., Wong, C.J., Badger, G.J., Ogden, D.E.H. and Dantona, R.L. (2000) ‘Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and 1 year of follow-up’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (1), pp. 64–72.

Hoffman, J.A., Caudill, B.D., Koman, J.J., et al. (1994) ‘Comparative cocaine abuse treatment strategies: enhancing client retention and treatment exposure’, Journal of Addictive Diseases 13 (4), pp. 115–28.

Hoffman, J.A., Caudill, B.D., Koman, J.J., et al. (1996) ‘Psychosocial treatments for cocaine abuse: 12-month treatment outcomes’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 13 (1), pp. 3–11.

Jones, H.E., Wong, C.J., Tuten, M. and Stitzer, M.L. (2005) ‘Reinforcement-based therapy: 12-month evaluation of an outpatient drug-free treatment for heroin abusers’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 79 (2), pp. 119–28.

Kirby, K.C., Marlowe, D.B., Festinger, D.S., Lamb, R.J. and Platt, J.J. (1998) ‘Schedule of voucher delivery influences initiation of cocaine abstinence’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (5), pp. 761–7.

Kirby, K.C., Marlowe, D.B., Lamb, R.J. and Platt, J.J. (1998) ‘Schedule of voucher delivery influences initiation of cocaine abstinence’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (5), pp. 761–7.

Magura, S., Rosenblum, A., Lovejoy, M., et al. (1994) ‘Neurobehavioral treatment for cocaine-using methadone patients: a preliminary report’, Journal of Addictive Diseases 13 (4), pp. 143–60.

Maude-Griffin, P.M., Hohenstein, J.M., Humfleet, G.L., et al. (1998) ‘Superior efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for urban crack cocaine abusers: main and matching effects’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (5), pp. 832–7.

McKay, J.R., Alterman, A.I., Cacciola, J.S., et al. (1997) ‘Group counseling versus individualized relapse prevention aftercare following intensive outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence: initial results’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 (5), pp. 778–88.

McKay, J.R., Alterman, A.I., Cacciola, J.S., et al. (1999) ‘Continuing care for cocaine dependence comprehensive 2-year outcomes’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (3), pp. 420–7.

Monti, P.M., Rohsenow, D.J., Michalec, E., Martin, R.A. and Abrams, D.B. (1997) ‘Brief coping skills treatment for cocaine abuse: substance use outcomes at three months’, Addiction 99 (12), pp. 1717–28.

Petry, N.M., Martin, B. and Simcic, F. (2005) ‘Prize reinforcement contingency management for cocaine dependence: integration with group therapy in a methadone clinic’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73 (2), pp. 354–9.

Petry, N.M., Peirce, J.M., Stitzer, M.L., et al. (2005) ‘Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study’, Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (10), pp. 1148–56.

Rawson, R.A., Huber, A., McCann, M., et al. (2002) ‘A comparison of contingency management and cognitive behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance treatment for cocaine dependence’, Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (9), pp. 817–24.

Rosenblum, A., Magura, S., Kayman, D.J. and Fong, C. (2005) ‘Motivationally enhanced group counselling for substance users in a soup kitchen: a randomised clinical trial’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 80 (1), pp. 91–103.

Rohsenow, D.J., Monti, P.M., Martin, R.A., Michalec, E. and Abrams, D.B. (2000) ‘Brief coping skills treatment for cocaine abuse: 12-month substance use outcomes’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (3), pp. 515–20.

Schmitz, J.M., Oswald, L.M., Jacks, S.D., et al. (1997) ‘Relapse prevention treatment for cocaine dependence: group Vs individual format’, Addictive Behaviors 22 (3), pp. 405–18.

Silverman, K., Higgins, S.T., Brooner, R.K., et al. (1996) ‘Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucher-based reinforcement therapy’, Archives of General Psychiatry 53 (5), pp. 409–15.

Silverman, K., Svikis, D., Robles, E., Stitzer, M.L. and Bigelow, G.E. (2001) ‘A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: six-month abstinence outcomes’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 9 (1), pp. 14–23.

Silverman, K., Wong, C.J., Umbricht-Schneiter, A., et al. (1998) ‘Broad beneficial effects of cocaine abstinence reinforcement among methadone patients’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (5), pp. 811–24.

Weinstein, S.P., Gottheil, E. and Sterling, R.C. (1997) ‚Randomized comparison of intensive outpatient vs individual therapy for cocaine abusers’, Journal of Addictive Disorders 16, pp. 41–56.

Weiss, R.D., Griffin, M.L., Gallop, R.J., et al. (2005) ‘The effect of 12-step self-help group attendance and participation on drug use outcomes among cocaine-dependent patients’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 77 (2), pp. 177–84.

Mayet, S., Farrell, M. and Ferri, M.M.F., Amato, L. and Davoli, M. (2004) ‘Psychosocial treatment for opiate abuse and dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4, Art. No. CD004330, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004330.pub2.

References to studies included in Mayet et al. (2004):

Dawe, S., Powell, J., Richards, D., et al. (1993) ‘Does post-withdrawal cue exposure improve outcome in opiate addiction? A controlled trial’, Addiction 88, pp. 1233–45.

Goldstein, M.F., Deren, S., Kang, S.Y., Des Jarlais, D.C. and Magura, S. (2002) ‘Evaluation of an alternative program for MMTP drop-outs: impact on treatment re-entry’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 66, pp. 181–7.

Gruber, K., Chutuape, M.A. and Stitzer, M.L. (2000) ‘Reinforcement-based intensive outpatient treatment for inner city opiate abusers: a short term evaluation’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 57, pp. 211–23.

Katz, E.C., Chutuape, M.A., Jones, H.E. and Stitzer, M.L. (2002) ‘Voucher reinforcement for heroin and cocaine abstinence in an outpatient drug-free program’, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 10 (2), pp. 136–43.

Zais, D.A., McLellan, T., Alterman, A. and Cnaan, R. (1996) ‘Efficacy of enhanced outreach counseling to reenroll high-risk drug users 1 year after discharge from treatment, American Journal Of Psychiatry 153 (8), pp. 1095–6.

Smith, L.A., Gates, S. and Foxcroft, D. (2006) ‘Therapeutic communities for substance related disorder’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1, Art. No. CD005338, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005338.pub2.

References to studies included in Smith (2006):

Condelli, W.S., Koch, M.A. and Fletcher, B. (2000) ‘Treatment refusal/attrition among adults randomly assigned to programs at a drug treatment campus: The New Jersey substance abuse treatment campus, Seacaucus, NJ’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 18 (4), pp. 395–407.

Greenwood, G., Woods, W., Guydish, J. and Bein, E. (2001) ‘Relapse outcomes in a randomised trial of residential and day drug abuse treatment’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 20 (1), pp. 15–23.

Guydish, J., Sorenson, J. and Chan, M. (1999) ‘A randomised trial comparing day and residential drug abuse treatment: 18-month outcomes’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (3), pp. 428–34.

Guydish, J., Werdegar, D., Clark, W., Sorensen, J.L. and Acampora, A. (1998) ‘Drug abuse day treatment: A randomised clinical trial comparing day and residential treatment programs’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (2), pp. 280–9.

McCusker, J., Bigelow, C., Frost, R., et al. (1987) ‘The effects of planned duration of residential drug abuse treatment on recovery and HIV risk behavior’, American Journal of Public Health 87 (10), pp. 1637–44.

McCusker, J., Vickers-Lahti, M., Stoddard, A., et al. (1995) ‘The effectiveness of alternative planned durations of residential drug abuse treatment’, American Journal of Public Health 85 (10), pp. 1426–9.

Nemes, S., Wish, E.D. and Messina, N. (1999) ‘Comparing the impact of standard and abbreviated treatment in a therapeutic community: findings from the district of Columbia treatment initiative experiment’, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 17 (4), pp. 339–47.

Nuttbrock, L.A., Rahav, M., Rivera, J.J., Ng-Mak, D.S., Link BG. Outcomes of homeless mentally ill chemical abusers in community residences and a therapeutic community. Psychiatric Services 1998;49 (1), pp. 68–76.

Sacks, S., Sacks, J.Y., McKendrick, K., Banks, S. and Stommel, J. (2004) ‘Modified TC for MICA offenders: crime outcomes’, Behavioral Sciences and the Law 22 (4), pp. 477–501.

Wexler, H.K., De Leon, G., Thomas, G., Kressel, D. and Peters, J. (1999) ‘The Amity prison TC evaluation’, Criminal Justice and Behavior 26 (2), pp. 147–67.

Nordstrom, B.R. and Levin, F.R. (2007) ‘Treatment of cannabis use disorder: a review of literature’, The American Journal on Addiction, 16, pp. 331–42.

Psychopharmacology trials

Laboratory studies (subjects not seeking treatment)

Budney, A.J., Vandrey, R.G., Hughes, J.R., Moore, B.A. and Bahrenburg, B. (2007) ‘Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cannabis withdrawal symptoms’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 86 (1), pp. 22–9.

Haney, M., Bisaga, A. and Foltin, R.W. (2003) ‘Interaction between naltrexone and oral THC in heavy marijuana smokers’, Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 166 (1), pp. 77–85.

Haney, M., Hart, C.L., Vosburg, S.K., et al. (2004) ‘Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex’, Neuropsychopharmacology 29, pp. 158–70.

Haney, M., Hart, C.L., Ward, A.S. and Foltin, R.W. (2003) ‘Nefazodone decreases anxiety during marijuana withdrawal in humans’, Psychopharmacology 165, pp. 157–65.

Haney, M., Ward, A.S., Comer, C.D., et al. (2001) ‘Buprion SR worsens mood during marijuana withdrawal in humans’, Psychopharmacology 155, pp. 171–9.

Hart, C.L., Haney, M., Ward, A.S., Fischman, M.W. and Foltin, R.W. (2002) Effects of oral THC maintenance on smoked marijuana self-administration’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 67 (3,1), pp. 301–9.

Huestis, M.A., Gorelick, D.A., Heishman, S.J., et al. (2001) ‘Blockade of effects of smoked marijuana by the CB1-selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716’, Archives of  General Psychiatry 58, pp. 322–8.

References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.

Clincial trials

Cornelius, J.R., Salloum, I.M., Haskett, R.F., et al. (1999) ‘Perel Fluoxetine versus placebo for the marijuana use of depressed alcoholics’, Addictive Behaviors 24 (1), pp. 111–14.

Levin, F.R., McDowell, D., Evans, S.M., et al. (2004) ‘Pharmacotherapy for marijuana dependence: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium’,  American Journal on Addictions  13 (1), pp. 21–32.

McDowell, D., Levin, F.R., Brooks, D.J., et al. (2006) ‘Treatment of cannabis-dependent treatment seekers: a double-blind comparison of nefazodone, bupropion and placebo’, paper presented at the 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, 17–22 June, Scottsdale, AZ.

Health Technology Assessment reports

Adi, Y., Juarez-Garcia A., Wang, D., et al. (2007) ‘Oral naltrexone as a treatment for relapse prevention in formerly opioid-dependent drug users: a systematic review and economic evaluation’, Health Technology Assessment 11 (6).

Connock, M., Juarez-Garcia, A., Jowett, S., et al. (2007) ‘Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: A systematic review and economic evaluation’, Health Technology Assessment 11 (9).

Cochrane reviews

Day, E., Ison, J. and Strang, J. (2005) ‘Inpatient versus other settings for detoxification for opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2.

Gates, S., Smith, L.A. and Foxcroft, D. (2006) ‘Auricular acupuncture for cocaine dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1.

Gowing, L., Farrell, M., Bornemann, R., Sullivan, L.E. and Ali, R. (2008) ‘Substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2.

Hesse, M., Vanderplasschen, W., Rapp, R., Broekaert, E. and Fridell, M. (2007) ‘Case management for persons with substance use disorders’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.

Lobmaier, P., Kornor, H., Kunoe, N. and Bjørndal, A. (2008) ‘Sustained-release naltrexone for opioid dependence’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2.

Minozzi, S., Amato, L., Vecchi, S. and Davoli, M. (2008) ‘Maintenance agonist treatments for opiate dependent pregnant women’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2.

NICE (2007) ‘Naltrexone for the management of opioid dependence’, NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 115.

Shoptaw, S.J., Kao, U. and Ling, W.W. (2008) ‘Treatment for amphetamine psychosis’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.

Terplan, M. and Lui, S. (2007) ‘Psychosocial interventions for pregnant women in outpatient illicit drug treatment programs compared to other interventions’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4.

WHO (2009), ‘The WHO Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence', World Health Organization

Tait R.J., Hulse G.K. (2003) 'A systematic review of the effectiveness of brief interventions with substance using adolescents by type of drug', Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003 Sep;22(3):337-46